Ritmos da matéria, ritmos de trabalho, razão e poder: o caso do fabrico de vidro na Marinha Grande

Sem medir o tempo não teria feito sentido falar-se, como tanto se falou na indústiia desde finais do século passado, pelo menos', em organização racional, ou científica, do trabalho. Foi empunhando o cronômetio que Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) observou as práticas de trabalho, experimentou e estabeleceu seqüências "racionais". Contando tempos, demonstrou a eficácia quantitativa da segmentação das tarefas e depuração dos gestos técnicos até ao estritamente necessário, com exclusão de todo o "desperdício" gestual susceptível de gerar lentidão ou atraso (Left-anc, 1975: 330-31; SainsauUeu, 1985: 374-76; Freire, 1993: 63-67, por exemplo).

The 1853-1856 cholera morbus epidemic in Portugal as seen by the press

This research is part of a larger project focused on producing a History of the Popularization of Science and Technology in Portugal. The goal is to find out how scientific knowledge reached the common people in the nineteenth century, using newspapers as the main source of information. Keeping in mind the population’s limited access to written material, nevertheless each newspaper could be read daily by an estimate 30.000 people in Lisbon, which places this source as probably the most widespread vehicle to divulge the latest scientific news at the time to an unspecialised audience. With a cholera morbus epidemic which affected the second largest Portuguese town and all the northern regions, as well as the Algarve, news and reports on its evolution were considered essential. A large database was built in order to analyse the news concerning this disease in 1855 and 1856, especially the ones about prevention and treatment. These are important historical sources that give us real information on the scientific knowledge of the time and the way it was used by society.