42 resultados para Socio economic background Scheduled Caste
Resumo:
A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA School of Business and Economics
Resumo:
A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA School of Business and Economics
Resumo:
The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the discussion of the effects of published school rankings based on average scores obtained by students on national exams. We study the effectiveness of this (low-stakes) accountability mechanism; we analyze whether students react to these rankings, by moving in or out of high-schools according to their scores and examine the movements of closing of schools. Our results suggest that families react strongly to published rankings. We also look at the changes in the socio-economic background of students of poorly performing schools in order to evaluate whether the publication of rankings has increased inequality, as feared by many observers. According to our results, published rankings do in fact reinforce stratification by income.
Resumo:
The Portuguese educational system has counted, for many years, with the co-existence of both public and private schools. In fact, the countrys growth and development led, in the past, to an increasing demand for free of charge public education that could only be matched through the creation of publicly-subsidized and privately owned and managed schools. Still, the demographic evolution of Portugal recently generated a decrease on the demand for public educational services. This situation has raised doubts about the true contribution of this type of school for the public education system. This paper aims at answering this question by isolating the impact of different property and management schemes on the performance of students, resorting to cross-section data on 9th grade students from 2010. The results corroborate the well known result on the relevance of the family socio-economic background for students performance, but do also sustain the existence of a significant positive impact of private ownership and management schemes on the overall performance of students. These results suggest that there might be gains associated with the expansion of such schemes within the public education system.
Resumo:
Despite the fact that public medical care has being heavily subsidized through a statutory national health system there has been a growing number of people who opt to enroll in extra private coverage. Using a two part model to infer the insurance decision and subsequent amount of insurance chosen we found out that peoples decision over private health coverage is not related with their health. The pattern of consumption of medical care that is not available in the public sector and a good socio economic background were found significant modeling the demand for private health insurance.
Resumo:
Research Masters
Resumo:
RESUMO - Enquadramento: O envelhecimento da populao ocorre em todas as sociedades desenvolvidas, resultando num aumento da prevalncia da dependncia funcional, associado recorrentemente presena de doenas crnicas. Estes novos padres demogrficos, epidemiolgicos, implicando populaes vulnerveis com necessidades especficas, resultam em desafios incontestveis. Como resposta a este novo paradigma, em 2006, Portugal implementa a Rede Nacional de Cuidados Continuados Integrados (RNCCI). Finalidade/objectivos: Caracterizao da populao com base no perfil das necessidades auto-referidas pelas pessoas com 65 anos, com algum nvel de independncia/dependncia nas actividades de vida diria e/ou com pelo menos uma doena crnica. Pretende-se, ainda, desenvolver uma metodologia que permita simular cenrios que contribuam para o planeamento do nmero de camas para internamento de carcter permanente em Unidades de Longa Durao e Manuteno (ULDM) da RNCCI. Metodologia: Construo de dois indicadores: ndice de independncia/dependncia e existncia ou no de doenas crnicas. Anlise estatstica e caracterizao, individual e conjunta, das variveis sociodemogrficas, socioeconmicas, auto-avaliao do estado de sade, nvel de independncia/dependncia e/ou existncia de pelo menos uma doena crnica. Simulao de cenrios com base nas metas definidas pela RNCCI para 2013. Resultados e Concluses: Da aplicao do ndice de independncia/dependncia, resulta que 78,8% so independentes na realizao das actividades de vida diria e 21,2% apresentam algum nvel de dependncia. excepo do Centro, todas as regies apresentam padres similares. Globalmente, os resultados obtidos vo de encontro aos enunciados na literatura internacional, realando-se apenas alguns mais pertinentes: Observa-se uma predominncia de mulheres idosas. Destaca-se tambm uma relao directa entre a idade e os nveis de dependncia. As variveis socioeconmicas indicam que a existncia de algum nvel de dependncia tende a ser mais frequente entre os que tm menor escolaridade e rendimento. Em mdia o estado de sade auto-avaliado como mau, piorando com o aumento da idade e nveis de dependncia mais acentuados e melhorando com o aumento da escolaridade. Da simulao de cenrios destaca-se que, face s 4 camas previstas nas metas de 2013, seria de alocar em mdia 1,7 camas ou 1 cama ao internamento permanente em ULDM. Trabalhar em rede implica canais de comunicao. A incorporao da distribuio espacial das necessidades e servios com recurso aos sistemas de informao geogrfica torna-se numa mais-valia. Possibilita avaliar hipteses, anlises sustentadas e disseminao de informao e resultados, contribuindo para um planeamento, monitorizao e avaliao mais eficaz e eficiente das actividades do sector da sade. ---------------------------------- ABSTRACT - Background: Population aging occurs in all developed societies resulting in an increased prevalence of functional dependence, frequently associated with the presence of chronic diseases. These new demographic and epidemiological patterns, which include dependency ad vulnerability situations, with specific needs, result in undeniable challenges. In response to this new paradigm, in 2006, Portugal implements the National Network for Integrated Care (RNCCI). Aim/Objectives: Characterize the population based on the self-reported needs of 65 years people, with some level of independence/dependency in activities of daily living and/or with at least one chronic disease. Also intends to develop a methodological approach that allows scenarios simulation which contributes to the planning of the number of permanent inpatient beds in Long Term Care Units (ULDM) of RNCCI. Methods: Construction of two indicators: independence/dependence index and existence of chronic diseases. Statistical analysis and characterization, individually and jointly, of sociodemographics, socioeconomics, selfassessment of health status, level of independence/dependence and/or existence of at least one chronic disease variables. Scenarios simulation based on RNCCI targets set for 2013. Results and Conclusions: According with independence/dependence index, 78.8% are independent in carrying out the activities of daily living and 21.2% have some level of dependency. With the exception of the Centroregion, all regions have similar patterns. Generally, the results are concordant with international literature, highlighting here only some of the most relevant results: A predominance of older women is observed. A direct relationship between age and levels of dependence is emphasized. Socio-economic variables indicate that the existence of some level of dependency tends to be more frequent among those with lower income and education levels. On average, health status is self-assessed as poor, being even more critical with aging and higher dependency level. On the other hand, high education levels are related with better health status. Scenarios simulations highlights that, based on 4 beds considered in the 2013 planned goals, an average of 1.7 or 1 beds in ULDM should be allocated to permanent inpatient beds. Networking involves communication channels. The incorporation of spatial distribution of needs and services using geographical information systems becomes an added value. It enables hypothesis, evaluation, sustainable analysis and information and results dissemination, contributing to a more effective and efficient planning, monitoring and assessment of the health sector activities.
Resumo:
A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA School of Business and Economics
Resumo:
A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA School of Business and Economics
Resumo:
ABSTRACT - The problem of how to support intentions to make behavioural changes (IBC) and behaviour changes (BC) in smoking cessation when there is a scarcity of resources is a pressing issue in public health terms. The present research focuses on the use of information and communications technologies and their role in smoking cessation. It is developed in Portugal after the ratification of WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (on 8 November 2005). The prevalence of smokers over fifteen years of age within the population stood at 20.9% (30.9% for men and 11.8% for women). While the strategy of helping people to quit smoking has been emphasised at National Health Service (NHS) level, the uptake of cessation assistance has exceeded the capacity of the service. This induced the search of new theoretical and practical venues to offer alternative options to people willing to stop smoking. Among these, the National Health Plan (NHP) of Portugal (2004-2010), identifies the use of information technologies in smoking cessation. eHealth and the importance of health literacy as a means of empowering people to make behavioural changes is recurrently considered an option worth investigating. The overall objective of this research is to understand, in the Portuguese context, the use of the Internet to help people to stop smoking. Research questions consider factors that may contribute to intentions to make behavioural changes (IBC) and behavioural changes (BC) while using a Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP). Also consideration is given to the trade-off on the use of the Web as a tool for smoking cessation: can it reach a vast number of people for a small cost (efficiency) demonstrating to work in the domain of smoking cessation (efficacy)? In addition to the introduction, there is a second chapter in which the use of tobacco is discussed as a public health menace. The health gains achieved by stopping smoking and the means of quitting are also examined, as is the use of the Internet in smoking cessation. Then, several research issues are introduced. These include background theory and the theoretical framework for the Sense of Coherence. The research model is also discussed. A presentation of the methods, materials and of the Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP) follows. In chapter four the results of the use of the Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP) are presented. This study is divided into two sections. The first describes results related to quality control in relation to the Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP) and gives an overview of its users. Of these, 3,150 answered initial eligibility questions. In the end, 1,463 met all eligibility requirements, completed intake, decided on a day to quit smoking (Dday) and declared their intentions to make behavioural changes (IBC) while a second targeted group of 650 did not decide on a Dday. With two quit attempts made before joining the platform, most of the participants had experienced past failures while wanting to stop. The smoking rate averaged 21 cigarettes per day. With a mean age of 35, of the participants 55% were males. Among several other considerations, gender and the Sense of Coherence (SOC) influenced the success of participants in their IBC and endeavour to set quit dates. The results of comparing males and females showed that, for current smokers, establishing a Dday was related to gender differences, not favouring males (OR=0.76, p<0.005). Belonging to higher Socio-economic strata (SES) was associated with the intention to consider IBC (when compared to lower SES condition) (OR=1.57, p<0.001) and higher number of school years (OR=0.70, p<0.005) favoured the decision to smoking cessation. Those who demonstrated higher confidence in their likelihood of success in stopping in the shortest time had a higher rate of setting a Dday (OR=0.51, p<0.001). There were differences between groups in IBC reflecting the high and low levels of the SOC score (OR=1.43, p=0.006), as those who considered setting a Dday had higher levels of SOC. After adjusting for all variables, stages of readiness to change and SOC were kept in the model. This is the first Arm of this research where the focus is a discussion of the systems implications for the participants intentions to make behavioural changes (IBC). Moreover, a second section of this study (second Arm) offers input collected from 77 in-depth interviews with the Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP) users. Here, Behaviour Change (BC) and the usability of the platform are explored a year after IBC was declared. A percentage of 32.9% of self-reported, 12-month quitters in continuous abstinence from smoking from Dday to the 12-month follow- up point of the use of the Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP) has been assessed. Comparing the Sense of Coherence (SOC) scores of participants by their respective means, according to the two groups, there was a significant difference in these scores of non smokers (BC) (M=144,66, SD=22,52) and Sense of Coherence (SOC) of smokers (noBC) (M=131,51, SD=21,43) p=0.014. This WATIP strategy and its contents benefit from the strengthening of the smokers sense of coherence (SOC), so that the persons progress towards a life without tobacco may be experienced as comprehensible, manageable and meaningful. In this sample the sense of coherence (SOC) effect is moderate although it is associated with the day to quit smoking (Dday). Some of the limitations of this research have to do with self-selection bias, sample size (power) and self-reporting (no biochemical validation). The enrolment of participants was therefore not representative of the smoking population. It is not possible to verify the Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP) evaluation of external validity; consequently, the results obtained cannot be applied generalized. No participation bias is provided. Another limitation of this study is the associated limitations of interviews. Interviewees perception that fabricating answers could benefit them more than telling the simple truth in response to questions is a risk that is not evaluated (with no external validation like measuring participants carbon monoxide levels). What emerges in this analysis is the relevance of the process that leads to the establishment of the quit day (Dday) to stop using tobacco. In addition, technological issues, when tailoring is the focus, are key elements for scrutiny. The high number of dropouts of users of the web platform mandates future research that should concentrate on the matters of the user-centred design of portals. The focus on gains in health through patient-centred care needs more research, so that technology usability be considered within the context of best practices in smoking cessation.
Resumo:
RESUMO - Contexto: As desigualdades sociais em sade so uma questo central de justia social. No contexto de forte envelhecimento populacional em Portugal, as desigualdades nos idosos representam um desafio crucial para o futuro, sobre as quais existe pouca evidncia. Este estudo pretende investigar a existncia de desigualdades socioeconmicas em sade nos idosos, em Portugal. Metodologia: Foram utilizados os dados para Portugal, da quarta vaga do Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. O estudo engloba 2017 indivduos com 50 ou mais anos. Foram utilizados quatro indicadores de sade: problemas de sade, sade auto-reportada, doenas de longa durao e atividade limitada. Foi utilizado o nvel de educao como indicador socioeconmico. As desigualdades socioeconmicas foram avaliadas atravs de regresses logsticas multivariadas. Resultados: Existem desigualdades socioeconmicas em sade nos idosos favorveis aos mais educados. Os indivduos com menor educao esto em maior risco de reportar m sade (OR=5,5); maior risco em ter problemas de sade, existindo um gradiente social na Hipertenso Arterial (OR=2,4) e na Artrite (OR=7,0); maior risco de doenas de longa durao (OR=1,6) e maior risco de limitao nas atividades dirias (OR=5,1). As desigualdades socioeconmicas diminuem com a idade. Concluso: De forma a melhorar a sade e reduzir as desigualdades socioeconmicas em sade nos idosos, os resultados apontam para a necessidade de implementar medidas no mbito dos problemas de sade em que existe um gradiente social, melhorar o nvel de educao da populao geral e implementar medidas de educao para a sade, aumentando a literacia em sade nos idosos mais jovens.
Resumo:
Dissertao apresentada na Faculdade de Cincias e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para a obteno do grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente
Resumo:
Emergent architectures and paradigms targeting reconfigurable manufacturing systems increasingly rely on intelligent modules to maximize the robustness and responsiveness of modern installations. Although intelligent behaviour significantly minimizes the occurrence of faults and breakdowns it does not exclude them nor can prevent equipments normal wear. Adequate maintenance is fundamental to extend equipments life cycle. It is of major importance the ability of each intelligent device to take an active role in maintenance support. Further this paradigm shift towards embedded intelligence, supported by cross platform technologies, induces relevant organizational and functional changes on local maintenance teams. On the one hand, the possibility of outsourcing maintenance activities, with the warranty of a timely response, through the use of pervasive networking technologies and, on the other hand, the optimization of local maintenance staff are some examples of how IT is changing the scenario in maintenance. The concept of e-maintenance is, in this context, emerging as a new discipline with defined socio-economic challenges. This paper proposes a high level maintenance architecture supporting maintenance teams management and offering contextualized operational support. All the functionalities hosted by the architecture are offered to the remaining system as network services. Any intelligent module, implementing the services interface, can report diagnostic, prognostic and maintenance recommendations that enable the core of the platform to decide on the best course of action.
Resumo:
XX Symposium of Brazilian Medicinal Plants & X International Congress of Ethnopharmacology. S. Paulo, Brasil.
Resumo:
Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies
