Oysters return to the Tagus estuary through an ecological model

Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of New University of Lisbon for obtaining the degree of Master in Environmental Management Systems

Migrant networks and migrant intentions to return

Social ties are potentially an important determinant of migrants’ intention to return to their home country, and yet this topic has not been addressed in the existing economics literature on international migration. This study examines the absolute and relative importance of migrant social networks both at destination and at origin. We base our research on experimental data from Batista and Narciso (2013)1. By defining networks according to different characteristics of their members and migrant return intentions with respect to three different time horizons, we are able to dissect the network effect into its components. After controlling for unobserved heterogeneity and reverse causality biases we find that network at home seems to be the most important determinant of the migrant’s intention to return home within five and ten years.

How to relaunch Programa 100%?

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Cell functional enviromics: applications to Pichia pastoris

The present PhD thesis develops the cell functional enviromics (CFE) method to investigate the relationship between environment and cellular physiology. CFE may be defined as the envirome-wide cellular function reconstruction through the collection and systems-level analysis of dynamic envirome data. Throughout the thesis, CFE is illustrated by two main applications to cultures of a constitutive P. pastoris X33 strain expressing a scFv antibody fragment. The first application addresses the challenge of culture media development. A dataset was built from 26 shake flask experiments, with variations in trace elements concentrations and basal medium dilution based on the standard BSM+PTM1. Protein yield showed high sensitivity to culture medium variations, while biomass was essentially determined by BSM dilution. High scFv yield was associated with high overall metabolic fluxes through central carbon pathways concomitantly with a relative shift of carbon flux from biosynthetic towards energy-generating pathways. CFE identified three cellular functions (growth, energy generation and by-product formation) that together described 98.8% of the variance in observed fluxes. Analyses of how medium factors relate to identified cellular functions showed iron and manganese at concentrations close to PTM1 inhibit overall metabolic activity. The second application addresses bioreactor operation. Pilot 50 L fed-batch cultivations, followed by 1H-NMR exometabolite profiling, allowed the acquisition of data for 21 environmental factors over time. CFE identified five major metabolic pathway groups that are frequently activated by the environment. The resulting functional enviromics map may serve as template for future optimization of media composition and feeding strategies for Pichia pastoris. The present PhD thesis is a step forward towards establishing the foundations of CFE that is still at its infancy. The methods developed herein are a contribution for changing the culture media and process development paradigm towards a holistic and systematic discipline in the future.

Avaliação da efectividade de uma intervenção em psiquiatria de ligação na doença coronária aguda

RESUMO: Várias intervenções psiquiátricas e psicossociais têm demonstrado ser eficazes na redução da depressão e da ansiedade em indivíduos que sofreram um acidente coronário agudo. A possiblidade de modificarem a evolução da doença coronária e de reduzirem a mortalidade cardíaca continua, no entanto, por comprovar. Este estudo teve como principal objectivo avaliar a efectividade de uma intervenção de Psiquiatria de Ligação (PL) em doentes com cardiopatia isquémica aguda. Métodos: um grupo inicial de 129 doentes consecutivos, internados por Enfarte Agudo do Miocárdio (EAM) ou Angina Instável, numa unidade de cuidados intensivos foi avaliado com a Hospital Anxiety e Depression Scale (HADS). Os doentes que apresentaram uma pontuação ≥8 nas subescalas da Depressão ou da Ansiedade (n=72) foram aleatoriamente distribuídos por grupo de intervenção (GI) (n=37) e grupo de controlo (GC) (n=35). O GI foi sujeito a uma intervenção de PL, realizada durante o período hospitalar, que se iniciou nos primeiros dias de internamento e consistiu em pelo menos 3 sessões individuais (incluindo avaliação psiquiátrica, psicoterapia de suporte, intervenção psicoeducativa e medicação, quando necessário). A sessão pré-alta envolveu o cônjuge e abordou a modificação de comportamentos de risco, a adesão terapêutica e o regresso ao trabalho. O GC recebeu os cuidados habituais da unidade de internamento. Todos os doentes completaram uma entrevista inicial para avaliação do estado cognitivo (Mini Mental State Examination – MMSE), do ajustamento social (Social Problems Questionnaire – SPQ) e de aspectos sociodemográfi cos e clínicos. Os doentes foram reavaliados antes da alta, aos 45 dias, 3 e 6 meses com a HADS, o SPQ e ainda com o Nottingham Health Profi le (NHP) para avaliação da qualidade de vida. No follow-up de 6 meses foi colhida informação sobre sobrevivência, número e duração de reinternamentos, número de dias de baixa e regresso ao trabalho. Resultados: na amostra de 129 doentes avaliados no início do internamento, 20,9% apresentavam níveis de depressão ≥8 na subescala da Depressão (HADS), 53,5% níveis de ansiedade ≥8 na subescala da Ansiedade (HADS) e 9,3% perturbações cognitivas (MMSE). A avaliação longitudinal desta amostra mostrou que os níveis de depressão, inicialmente baixos, aumentaram nos 45 dias após o internamento, para depois diminuírem até ao fi nal do follow-up. Os níveis de ansiedade, que eram inicialmente altos, aumentaram nos 45 dias seguintes e antiveram- se estáveis, mas altos, até ao fi m do estudo. O GI apresentou uma pontuação média na subescala da depressão signifi cativamente inferior à do GC no follow-up de 6 meses (5,8±4,1 no GI vs. 7,9±4,3 no GC, p=0,04). O número de doentes deprimidos foi signifi cativamente menor no GI nas avaliações realizadas aos 3 meses (11 vs. 18 no GC, p=0,04) e aos 6 meses (12 vs. 18 no GC, p= 0,05). O mesmo aconteceu com o número de doentes ansiosos aos 3 meses (15 no GI vs. 23 no GC, p=0,01). As dimensões do NHP “Isolamento social” aos 45 dias e “Reacção emocional” aos 45 dias e aos 3 meses, bem como a qualidade de vida geral (NHP 2ª parte) aos 3 meses, mostraram melhoria signifi cativa no grupo de intervenção. Embora a intervenção tenha reduzido o nível médio da ansiedade nas várias avaliações após a alta, esta redução não atingiu signifi cância estatística. A intervenção realizada não teve impacto na mortalidade ou nas variáveis relacionadas com a evolução da doença cardíaca no período do follow-up. Conclusões: Os resultados do presente estudo mostram a alta prevalência de depressão e de ansiedade após um acidente coronário agudo e a manutenção de níveis altos de ansiedade nos 6 meses seguintes. Os resultados comprovam também a efectividade de uma intervenção em PL no tratamento da depressão e da ansiedade em doentes que sofreram um acidente coronário agudo. Estes resultados apontam para a necessidade de desenvolvimento de programas de PL para este tipo de doentes, tanto no hospital geral como nos cuidados de saúde primários. Sugerem ainda a necessidade de desenvolvimento de investigação que permita estabelecer o impacto específi co dos diversos tipos de intervenção, assim como compreender os mecanismos subjacentes à associação da depressão e da ansiedade com a doença coronária.----------ABSTRACT:Different types of psychiatric and psychochosocial interventions have proven effi cacy in decreasing anxiety and depression in coronary heart disease. There is, however, an ongoing discussion about the impact these interventions may have on the clinical outcome and on cardiac mortality. The main objective of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a consultation liaison psychiatry (CL) intervention on a group of patients admitted with Myocardial Infarction or Unstable Angina, to a Coronary Care Unit. Methods: The study had a prospective, randomised, controlled design, with a 6-month follow-up. One hundred and twenty-nine consecutive patients were assessed during the first 48 hours of admission with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Those with a score of ≥8 on the Depression or the Anxiety subscales (n=72) were randomly allocated to intervention (n=37) and usual care (n=35). The CL intervention, started during the fi rst days of admission, had a minimum of 3 (60 minutes) sessions, and included a psychiatric evaluation, supportive psychotherapy, a psychoeducational intervention, when necessary, psychotropic drugs. The last session, shortly before discharge, included the spouse and was focused on compliance, modifi cation of behavioral risk factors, and possible diffi culties upon returning to work. Cognitive status (Mini-Mental State Examination - MMSE), social adjustment (Social Problems Questionnaire - SPQ), and demographic and clinical characteristics were also assessed at baseline. Patients were reassessed before discharge, and at 45 days, 3 and 6 months after admission with HADS, SPQ, and with Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) for quality of life. Survival, number of readmissions and days of readmission, number of sickleave days and return to work were assessed at six months. Results: The initial sample of 129 patients, presented a 20.9% prevalence of depressive symptoms, 53.5% of anxiety symptoms, and 9.3% of cognitive disorders. The longitudinal evaluation of this sample showed that the initially low levels of depression were increased 45 days later, and slowlly decreased afterwards till the 6-month follow-up. Initially high anxiety levels, somewhat decreased before discharge, had increased 45 days later, and stayed stable and high till the end of the study. The intervention group showed a signifi cantly lower depression mean score at 6 months (5.8±4.1 vs. 7.9±4.3 in the controls, p=0.04). The number of patients considered depressed was lower in the intervention group at 3(11 vs. 18 controls, p=0.04) and 6 months (12vs. 18 controls, p=0,05). The number of anxious patients was also lower in the intervention.

Incapacidade auto-reportada e retorno à actividade profissional em utentes com dor crónica lombar

RESUMO: O absentismo à actividade profissional devido à condição de Dor Lombar apresenta-se como um problema de saúde pública com elevados custos económicos nas sociedades ocidentais. É estimado que cerca de 20% a 47% dos utentes com Dor Lombar não retornam à sua actividade profissional no período de 3 meses, sendo responsáveis por 75% a 90% de todos os custos e baixas médicas associadas à condição. Objectivo: O objectivo deste estudo foi analisar a capacidade de retorno à actividade profissional em utentes com Dor Crónica Lombar (DCL), que procuraram a Fisioterapia em situação de agudização dos seus sintomas, e averiguar a sua relação com os níveis de Incapacidade auto-reportados. Secundariamente pretendemos avaliar a influência das Crenças de medo-evitamento, nos níveis de Incapacidade auto-reportados. Metodologia: Foi efectuado um estudo correlacional prospectivo no qual se observou uma amostra de 56 utentes com DCL que tivessem apresentado novos episódios de agudização dos seus sintomas. Após 3 meses de follow-up (n=42) foi avaliado o “regresso ao trabalho em boas condições” e a sua relação com os níveis de Incapacidade iniciais, bem como o contributo das Crenças de medo-evitamento para essa Incapacidade funcional. Resultados: Foi verificada uma correlação negativa entre os níveis de Incapacidade funcional e o Sucesso no “regresso ao trabalho em boas condições” (ρ = -0.369; p =0.016), sendo que os scores mais elevados da Incapacidade correspondem à Falha nesse regresso. Verificámos também uma correlação positiva entre a existência das Crenças de medo-evitamento relativas ao Trabalho e a Incapacidade (r =0.511; p =0,001), apresentando estas Crenças um valor preditivo (β= 0.533; p =0.001) na Incapacidade auto-reportada. Conclusões: A capacidade de retorno à actividade profissional nos utentes com DCL, após um novo episódio de agudização dos seus sintomas, está relacionada com níveis de Incapacidade funcional. Os factores psicossociais, nomeadamente as Crenças de medo-evitamento relativas ao Trabalho apresentam um valor preditivo para essa Incapacidade auto-reportada.------------------------------ABSTRACT:Work-absenteeism due to the condition of Low Back Pain (LBP) presents itself as a public health problem with high economic costs in Western societies. It is estimated that 20% to 47% of patients with LBP not returned to their work-activity in period of 3 months, accounting for 75% to 90% of all medical costs and sickness compensation associated. Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the ability to return to work on patients with chronic LBP, who searched for physical therapy in a situation of worsening of their symptoms, and examine their relationship with levels of self-reported disability. Secondly we intend to evaluate the influence of fear-avoidance beliefs to the levels of self-reported disability. Methods: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study in which we observed 56 patients chronic LBP with new episodes of exacerbation of their symptoms. After a 3 months follow-up (n = 42) we evaluated the “return to work in good health” and its relationship with initial levels of disability and the contribution of fear-avoidance beliefs for that disability. Results: There was a negative correlation between levels of disability and “return to work in good health” success (ρ = -0.369, p = 0.016), with the highest scores correspond to the failure in the work-return. We also found a positive correlation between the existence of fear-avoidance beliefs for work and disability (r = 0.511; p = 0.001), with a predictive value of these fear-avoidance beliefs (β = 0.533; p = 0.001) in self-reported disability. Conclusions: The ability to return to work in chronic LBP patients, after a new episode of exacerbation of symptoms is related to the levels of functional disability. Psychosocial factors, including fear-avoidance beliefs for work showed a predictive value for the self-reported disability.

DNA damage induced by acrylamide: roe of genetic polymorphisms in DNA damage levels

RESUMO:Em 1994 a acrilamida (AA) foi classificada pela IARC como um provável cancerígeno para o homem. Para além da utilização de AA em numerosas aplicações industriais, a AA está também presente numa grande variedade de alimentos ricos em amido e processados a temperaturas elevadas. Esta exposição através da ingestão de produtos alimentares despoletou elevadas preocupações ao nível do risco para a saúde pública e poderá implicar um risco adicional para o aparecimento de cancro. A glicidamida (GA), o metabolito epóxido formado a partir da oxidação da AA provavelmente através do citocromo P450 2E1, é considerada por vários estudos, o principal responsável pela carcinogenicidade da AA. Actualmente existe uma escassez de resultados relativamente aos mecanismos de genotoxicidade da AA e GA em células de mamífero. Por este motivo, o objectivo deste estudo centra-se na avaliação das consequências genéticas da exposição à AA e GA, recorrendo-se para tal ao uso de células de mamífero como modelo. Tendo como base este objectivo avaliou-se a citotoxicidade da AA e GA, através do ensaio do MTT, e realizaram-se dois testes citogenéticos, o teste das aberrações cromossómicas (CAs) e o teste da troca de cromátides irmãs (SCEs), de modo a avaliar as lesões de DNA induzidas por estes compostos em células de hamster Chinês V79. Os resultados globalmente mostraram que a GA é mais citotóxica e clastogénica do que a AA. No âmbito deste trabalho, foi também efectuada a quantificação de aductos específicos de DNA, nomeadamente N7-(2-carbamoil-2-hidroxietil)guanina (N7-GA-Gua) e N3-(2-carbamoil-2-hidroxietil)adenina (N3-GA-Ade). Os resultados obtidos permitem afirmar que os níveis de N7-GA-Gua e a concentração de GA apresentam uma relação linear dose-resposta. Foi também identificada uma óptima correlação entre os níveis de N7-GA-Gua e a frequência de troca de cromátides irmãs. Adicionalmente, e de forma a compreender os mecanismos de toxicidade da AA, estudaram-se os mecanismos dependentes da modulação do glutationo reduzido (GSH), nomeadamente da butionina sulfoximina (BSO), um inibidor da síntese de GSH, do GSH-monoetil estér (GSH-EE), um composto permeável nas células e que é intra-celularmente hidrolisado a GSH e ainda do GSH adicionado exogenamente ao meio de cultura, em células V79. Os resultados obtidos reforçaram o papel da modulação do GSH nos efeitos de citotoxicidade e clastogenicidade da AA. Para além dos estudos efetuados com células V79, procedeu-se também à determinação da frequência de SCEs, à quantificação de aductos específicos de DNA, bem como ao ensaio do cometa alcalino em amostras de dadores saudáveis expostos à AA e GA. Tanto os resultados obtidos através do ensaio das SCE, como pela quantificação de aductos específicos de DNA, ambos efectuados em linfócitos estimulados, originaram resultados comparáveis aos obtidos anteriormente para as células V79, reforçando a ideia de que a GA é bastante mais genotóxica do que a AA. Por outro lado, os resultados obtidos pelo ensaio do cometa para exposição à AA e GA mostraram que apenas esta última aumenta o nível das lesões de DNA. Outro objectivo deste trabalho, foi a identificação de possíveis associações existentes entre as lesões de DNA, quantificadas através do ensaio das SCEs e do cometa, e biomarcadores de susceptibilidade, tendo em conta os polimorfismos genéticos individuais envolvidos na destoxificação e nas vias de reparação do DNA (BER, NER, HRR e NHEJ) em linfócitos expostos à GA. Tal permitiu identificar associações entre os níveis de lesão de DNA determinados através do ensaio das SCEs, e os polimorfismos genéticos estudados, apontando para uma possível associação entre o GSTP1 (Ile105Val) e GSTA2 (Glu210Ala) e a frequência de SCEs. Por outro lado, os resultados obtidos através do ensaio do cometa sugerem uma associação entre as lesões de DNA e polimorfismos da via BER (MUTYH Gln335His e XRCC1 Gln39Arg) e da via NER (XPC Ala499val e Lys939Gln), considerando os genes isoladamente ou combinados. Estes estudos contribuem para um melhor entendimento da genotoxicidade e carcinogenicidade da AA e GA em células de mamífero, bem como da variabilidade da susceptibilidade individual na destoxificação e reparação de lesões de DNA provocadas pela exposição a estes xenobióticos alimentares. ----------- ABSTRACT:Acrylamide (AA) has been classified as a probable human carcinogen by IARC. Besides being used in numerous industrial applications, AA is also present in a variety of starchy cooked foods. This AA exposure scenario raised concerns about risk in human health and suggests that the oral consumption of AA is an additional risk factor for cancer. A considerable number of findings strongly suggest that the reactive metabolite glycidamide (GA), an epoxide generated presumably by cytochrome P450 2E1, plays a central role in AA carcinogenesis. Until now there are a scarcity of results concerning the mechanisms of genotoxicity of AA and GA in mammalian cells. In view of that, the study described in this thesis aims to unveil the genetic consequences of AA and GA exposure using mammalian cells as a model system. With this aim we evaluated the cytotoxicity of AA and GA using the MTT assay and subsequently performed two cytogenetic end-points: chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), in order to evaluate DNA damage induced by these compounds in V79 Chinese hamster cell line. The results showed that GA was more cytotoxic and clastogenic than AA. Within the scope of this thesis the quantification of specific DNA adducts were also performed, namely N7-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)guanine (N7-GA-Gua) and N3-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)adenine (N3-GA-Ade). Interestingly, the GA concentration and the levels of N7-GA-Gua presented a linear dose-response relationship. Further, a very good correlation between the levels of N7-GA-Gua and the extent of SCEs were observed. In order to understand the mechanisms of AA-induced toxicity, the modulation of reduced glutathione (GSH)-dependent mechanisms were studied, namely the evaluation of the effect of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an effective inhibitor of GSH synthesis, of GSH-monoethyl ester (GSH-EE), a cell permeable compound that is intracellularly hydrolysed to GSH and also of GSH endogenously added to culture medium,z in V79 cell line. The overall results reinforced the role of GSH in the modulation of the cytotoxic and clastogenic effects induced by AA.Complementary to the studies performed in V79 cells, SCEs, specific DNA-adducts and alkaline comet assay in lymphocytes from healthy donors exposed to AA and GA were also evaluated. Both, the frequency of SCE and the quantification of specific GA DNA adducts, produced comparable results with those obtained in V79 cell line, reinforcing the idea that GA is far more genotoxic than AA. Further, the DNA damaging potential of AA and GA in whole blood leukocytes evaluated by the alkaline comet assay, showed that GA, but not AA, increases DNA damage. Additionally, this study aimed to identify associations between DNA damage and biomarkers of susceptibility, concerning individual genetic polymorphisms involved in detoxification and DNA repair pathways (BER, NER, HRR and NHEJ) on the GA-induced genotoxicity assessed by the SCE assay and by the alkaline comet assay. The extent of DNA damage determined by the levels of SCEs induced by GA seems to be modulated by GSTP1 (Ile105Val) and GSTA2 (Glu210Ala) genotypes. Moreover, the results obtained from the comet assay suggested associations between DNA damage and polymorphisms of BER (MUTYH Gln335His and XRCC1 Gln399Arg) and NER (XPC Ala499Val and Lys939Gln) genes, either alone or in combination. The overall results from this study contribute to a better understanding of the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of AA and GA in mammalian cells, as well as the knowledge about the variability in individual susceptibility involved in detoxification and repair of DNA damage due to these dietary xenobiotics.

Les Boeufs de Paix. Douglas H. Johnson et la violence Nuer (Soudan)

This article seeks to restore (anthropologically speaking) the warrior status of the Nuer during the colonial period. It challenges the negative conclusions of Douglas H. Johnson about the cultural dimension of fighting. In 1839, when the Nuer sacrificed an ox before a fleet from the North, the Egyptians thought it was an act of aggression and shot at them. But did this mistake inaugurate a series of misunderstandings on the offensive provision of this people? If that is Johnson's assertion, a return to the sources allows an alternative interpretation. The article puts in symmetry this episode and another, ninety years later, which also involved an "ox peace". The British killed this animal in 1929 during the repression of the Nuer prophetic movement. But if Johnson seeks to contradict the importance of the prophets as leaders of revolt, this article points out that their pacifism was embedded in the ideology of war.

Directed Giving: Evidence from an Inter-Household Transfer Experiment*

We investigate the determinants of giving in a lab-in-the-field experiment with large stakes. Study participants in urban Mozambique play dictator games where their counterpart is the closest person to them outside their household. Dictators share more with counterparts when they have the option of giving in kind (in the form of goods), compared to giving that must be in cash. Qualitative post-experiment responses suggest that this effect is driven by a desire to control how recipients use gifted resources. Standard economic determinants such as the rate of return to giving and the size of the endowment also affect giving, but the effects of even large changes in these determinants are significantly smaller than the effect of the in-kind option. Our results support theories of giving where the utility of givers depends on the composition (not just the level) of gift-recipient expenditures, and givers thus seek control over transferred resources.

Business development in Siemens global shared services delivery center Portugal

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Historical trajectories of currently shrinking Portuguese cities: A typology of urban shrinkage

Cities develop according to different patterns, undergoing population growth during some periods and decline (shrinkage) during others. Theories attempting to understand these behaviours include: 1) shrinkage is a natural process in the life cycle of a city, alternating with periods of growth, or 2) shrinkage is an extreme event that places cities into a continuous decline process with no return to population growth. We use retrospective data over a period of 130 years to study 25 Portuguese cities currently facing population decline, and show that both theories coexist in time and space. Five types of shrinking city are revealed: “Persistent Early Shrinkage” due to exodus fromthe rural periphery, “Metropolitan Shrinkage” due to the challenges of urban sprawl, “Recent Shrinkage” in de-industrialisation hotspots, “Cyclic Shrinkage” occurring in political transformation cores, and “Mild Shrinkage” due to life-style disamenity. As diversity of city population trajectories appears to be the norm in both Portugal and other Western European countries, the incorporation of this range into the management of urban transitions is recommended in order to reinforce city resilience.

Cultural journalism in a digital environment : new models, practices and possibilities

Both culture coverage and digital journalism are contemporary phenomena that have undergone several transformations within a short period of time. Whenever the media enters a period of uncertainty such as the present one, there is an attempt to innovate in order to seek sustainability, skip the crisis or find a new public. This indicates that there are new trends to be understood and explored, i.e., how are media innovating in a digital environment? Not only does the professional debate about the future of journalism justify the need to explore the issue, but so do the academic approaches to cultural journalism. However, none of the studies so far have considered innovation as a motto or driver and tried to explain how the media are covering culture, achieving sustainability and engaging with the readers in a digital environment. This research examines how European media which specialize in culture or have an important cultural section are innovating in a digital environment. Specifically, we see how these innovation strategies are being taken in relation to the approach to culture and dominant cultural areas, editorial models, the use of digital tools for telling stories, overall brand positioning and extensions, engagement with the public and business models. We conducted a mixed methods study combining case studies of four media projects, which integrates qualitative web features and content analysis, with quantitative web content analysis. Two major general-interest journalistic brands which started as physical newspapers – The Guardian (London, UK) and Público (Lisbon, Portugal) – a magazine specialized in international affairs, culture and design – Monocle (London, UK) – and a native digital media project that was launched by a cultural organization – Notodo, by La Fábrica – were the four case studies chosen. Findings suggest, on one hand, that we are witnessing a paradigm shift in culture coverage in a digital environment, challenging traditional boundaries related to cultural themes and scope, angles, genres, content format and delivery, engagement and business models. Innovation in the four case studies lies especially along the product dimensions (format and content), brand positioning and process (business model and ways to engage with users). On the other hand, there are still perennial values that are crucial to innovation and sustainability, such as commitment to journalism, consistency (to the reader, to brand extensions and to the advertiser), intelligent differentiation and the capability of knowing what innovation means and how it can be applied, since this thesis also confirms that one formula doesn´t suit all. Changing minds, exceeding cultural inertia and optimizing the memory of the websites, looking at them as living, organic bodies, which continuously interact with the readers in many different ways, and not as a closed collection of articles, are still the main challenges for some media.

What creates resilience among the unemployed? Evidence in Portugal

Resilience is the intrinsic capacity which allows individuals to adapt to adverse situations. Among unemployed, resilience obtains a particular importance as a must-required skill to face unemployment and make it possible to return to the labour market. The present work aims at discover which social and individual aspects are most responsible to increase resilience levels among the unemployed. In order to find those aspects, a questionnaire was applied to a sample of Portuguese unemployed. The results were then analysed and interpreted, and some of the possible solutions able to increase resilience levels among the Portuguese unemployed were listed and justified.