Humor and the framing of the public sphere and public opinion in Portugal (1797-1834)

In his Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment (1784), Kant puts forward his belief that the vocation to think freely, which humankind is endowed with, is bound to make sure that “the public use of reason” will at last act “even on the fundamental principles of government and the state [will] find it agreeable to treat man – who is now more than a machine – in accord with his dignity”. The critical reference to La Mettrie (1747), by opposing the machine to human dignity, will echo, in the dawn of the 20th century, in Bergson’s attempt to explain humor. Besides being exclusive to humans, humor is also a social phenomenon. Freud (1905) assures that pleasure originated by humor is collective, it results from a “social process”: jokes need an audience, a “third party”, in order to work and have fun. Assuming humor as a social and cultural phenomenon, this paper intends to sustain that it played a role in the framing of the public sphere and of public opinion in Portugal during the transition from Absolute Monarchy to Liberalism. The search for the conditions which made possible the critical exercise of sociability is at the root of the creation of the public sphere in the sense developed by Habermas (1962), whose perspective, however, has been questioned by those who point 2 out the alleged idealism of the concept – as opposed, for example, to Bakhtin (1970), whose work stresses diversity and pluralism. This notwithstanding, the concept of public sphere is crucial to the building of public opinion, which is, in turn, indissoluble from the principle of publicity, as demonstrated by Bobbio (1985). This paper discusses the historical evolution of the concept of public opinion from Ancient Greece doxa, through Machiavelli’s “humors” (1532), the origin of the expression in Montaigne (1580) and the contributions of Hobbes (1651), Locke (1690), Swift (1729), Rousseau (1762) or Hume (1777), up to the reflection of Lippman (1922) and Bourdieu’s critique (1984). It maintains that humor, as it appears in Portuguese printed periodicals from 1797 (when Almocreve de Petas was published for the first time) to the end of the civil war (1834) – especially in those edited by José Daniel Rodrigues da Costa but also in O Piolho Viajante, by António Manuel Policarpo da Silva, or in the ones written by José Agostinho de Macedo, as well as in a political “elite minded” periodical such as Correio Braziliense –, contributed to the framing of the public sphere and of public opinion in Portugal.

Internet Geography: Spaces of Innovation

Information Society plays an important role in all kinds of human activity, inducing new forms of economic and social organization and creating knowledge. Over the last twenty years of the 20th century, large investments in telecommunication networks were made to approach economies and put an end to the asymmetries. The most isolated regions were the beneficiaries of this new technological investment’s wave disseminating trough the territories. The new economic scenarios created by globalisation make high capacity backbones and coherent information society polity, two instruments that could change regions fate and launch them in to an economic development context. Technology could bring international projection to services, products and could be the differentiating element between a national and an international economic strategy. So, the networks and its fluxes are becoming two of the most important variables to the economies. Measuring and representing this new informational accessibility, mapping new communities, finding new patterns and localisation models, could be today’s challenge. In the physical/real space, location is defined by two or three geographical co-ordinates. In the network/virtual space or in cyberspace, geography seems incapable to define location, because it doesn’t have a good model. Trying to solve the problem and based on geographical theories and concepts, new fields of study came to light. Internet Geography is one example. In this paper and using Internet Geography and informational cartography, it was possible to observe and analyse the spacialisation of the Internet phenomenon trough the distribution of the IP addresses in the Portuguese territory. This work shows the great potential and applicability of this indicator to regional development studies, and at the same time. The IP address distribution of Country Code Top Level Domains (.pt for Portugal) could show the same economic patterns, reflecting territorial inflexibility or, by opposition, new regional hierarchies. The spatial concentration or dispersion of top level domains seems to be a good instrument to analyse the info-structural dynamic and economic development of a territory, especially at regional level. At the same time it shows that information technologies are essential to innovation and competitive advantage.

Estudo sobre o insight em pessoas com psicose

Para além das variáveis clínicas e sociodemográficas existem concerteza importantes componentes individuais que desempenham um contributo importante no nível de insight apresentado por cada pessoa doente, por exemplo, o nível de inteligência, personalidade, cultura, experiências passadas, memória, etc. A natureza clínica, emocional e/ou intelectual do termo ajuda-nos a compreender a complexidade da dificuldade que existe na sua tradução e, inclusive, na sua compreensão. Daí que as definições atribuídas ao conceito sejam muito distintas e variem consoante a formação teórica do autor/investigador. Pretende-se, a partir dessa identificação/compreensão, promover a qualidade de vida destas pessoas através do desenvolvimento de novas aprendizagens que possibilitem uma cooperação activa. É igualmente fundamental ir ao encontro das capacidade intactas de maneira a possibilitar a aquisição de novos(s) comportamento(s) que tenham um impacte positivo nas queixas, sinais, sintomas, incapacidade e disfuncionalidade apresentados pelo/a utente. Uma vez que a própria conceptualização do termo traduzirá aquilo que se pretende avaliar,será efectuada uma reflexão detalhada acerca dos instrumentos e definições que têm sido mais utilizadas para explorar o insight nas psicoses.Procurei, no meu trabalho de investigação, realçar e promover a importância que cada sujeito, alvo de intervenção, desempenha ao longo do seu processo de recuperação e na prevenção de recaídas. No seguimento dos objectivos acima descritos, para além da revisão teórica efectuada ao fenómeno em termos de conceptualização e estudos desenvolvidos na área de investigação, foi,neste estudo, realizada a contribuição para a validação do instrumento “Assessment of Insight in Psychosis: a re-standartization of a New Scale” de Marková & Berrios (2003).O fenómeno de insight escolhido pela Insight Scale, relata menos as mudanças vividas em relação à doença mental, e mais a actual consciência e articulação de tais mudanças. Tendo como base uma abordagem psicopedagógica, o fenómeno do insight aqui explorado assentou numa perspectiva reabilitativa, actual e multidimensional, que fosse para além das dimensões clínicas tradicionais. Neste sentido é apresentada uma escala original, intitulada “Escala de Avaliação do Insight e Identificação das Necessidades em Pessoas com Psicose”, bem como um modelo de intervenção psicopedagógico breve, assente nos pressupostos descritos ao longo do trabalho.-----------------------------------------ABSTRACT: The importance of insight in people with mental illnesses was first studied in psychiatry, in the first decades of the 20th century, by people as important as Lewis (1934) and Jaspers (1959). However, this field of investigation was left unexplored for many years. Only in the last decade has this phenomenon become the object of numerous scientific investigations, having been given special attention by its investigators. For this reason a significant number of instruments for evalauting insight in psychotic disorders were developed. Since then many papers have been published, which has allowed for a more in depth knowledge on the subject. Therefore, in recent years, the concept of insight has been developed in an attempt to clarify its compexity. A once dichotomic phenomenon, described in terms of presence or absence, became considered multidimensional, which made the identification of different levels of insight and different dimensions possible. Current concepts categorize insight into five dimensions: the awareness of the patient in relation to his/her mental illness, the awareness of the patient in relation to the social consequences of his/her illness, the awareness of the need for treatment, the awareness of the symptoms and the explanation of those symptoms in relation to the illness. The lack of insight in psychiatry, in general terms, and as this phenomenon has been described, the lack of awareness of having a mental illness, represents one of the most common symptoms of schizophrenia and affects a big part of the population that suffer from this illness. It is estimated that bewteen 50 and 80 per cent of patients with schizophrenia do not believe that they are ill, which, consequently has a big impact in the process of adherence to treatment. It is still not possible, however, to identify all the factors that determine the lack of insight in schizophrenics. There are psychological, social and cultural influences that almost certainly play their role in the lack of insight registered in this pathology.Since the impact of scizophrenia is felt in many aspects of the individual’s life, its effective treatment should be directed at various levels, including the improvement of insight. One of the objectives of this study is to explore the relationship between the level of insight in psychosis and the clinical and sociodemographic variables, the psychopathology and its global functioning. As well as the clinical and sociodemographic variables, there are of course important individual components that contribute to the level of insight seen in each patient, for example, their level of inteligence, personality, culture, past experiences, memory, etc. The clinical, emotional and/or intelectual nature of the term helps us understand the difficulty that lies in its interpretation as well as in its comprehension. Therefore, the definitions attributed to the term are very different and vary according to the theoretical training of the investigator. It is intended, from this identification/understanding, to promote the quality of life of these people through the development of new findings that might enable an active cooperation. It is equally fundamental to observe their unimpaired capacities in order to enable the acquisition of new behaviour(s) that have a positive impact on the complaints, signs, symptoms, incapacity and disfunctioning seen in the patient.As the actual comprehension of the term explains what we intend to evaluate, a detailed reflection is made on the instruments and definitions that have been used the most to explore insight in psychosis.In this investigation I tried to underline and promote the importance that each subject, undergoing medical intervention, plays during his/her process of recovery and prevention of relapses. Considering the above mentioned objectives, as well as a theoretical review of the phenomenon in terms of conceptualization and investigative studies developed, this study contributed to the validation of the instrument.The insight phenomenon chosen by the “Insight Scale”, records less changes experienced in relation to the mental illness and more actual awareness and articulation of these changes. Based on a psychopedagogical approach, the insight phenomenon explored here settled on a rehabilitation, current and multidimensional perspective that would go beyond the traditional clinical dimensions. For this reason an original scale entitled “Insight Evaluation Scale and Need Identification in Psychosis Patients” is presented, as well as a psychopedagogical intervention model soon to be used with admitted patients based on the presuppositions described in this study.

Aconselhamento médico na prevenção da doença e promoção da saúde : análise a propósito do consumo de tabaco

RESUMO - O consumo de tabaco foi responsável por 100 milhões de mortes no século XX. Apesar dos grandes avanços alcançados no controlo deste problema a nível mundial, sob os auspícios da OMS, no contexto da Convenção-Quadro para o Controlo do Tabaco da OMS, se não forem adoptadas medidas consistentes e efectivas de saúde pública, a morbi-mortalidade que lhe está associada continuará a aumentar durante o presente século. A promoção da cessação tabágica constitui a estratégia populacional que permitirá obter ganhos em saúde a mais curto prazo. Embora a larga maioria dos fumadores faça, ao longo da vida, várias tentativas para parar de fumar sem apoio, apenas uma pequena minoria consegue manter-se abstinente a longo prazo. Os médicos de Medicina Geral e Familiar são, de entre todos os profissionais de saúde, os que podem intervir de modo mais consistente e efectivo neste âmbito e que melhores resultados obtêm na cessação tabágica dos pacientes fumadores, dado o vínculo terapêutico e a interacção frequente e continuada que com eles estabelecem ao longo do seu ciclo de vida. O aconselhamento breve, tendo por base a adopção de um estilo de comunicação motivacional centrado no paciente, adaptado aos estádios de mudança comportamental, tem-se revelado efectivo no apoio à mudança de comportamentos relacionados com a saúde e à resolução da ambivalência que caracteriza este processo. A revisão de literatura evidenciou o facto de os médicos nem sempre intervirem nas áreas preventivas e de promoção da saúde, em particular na área da cessação tabágica, com o investimento e a continuidade desejáveis. Por outro lado, muitos pacientes fumadores referem nunca ter sido aconselhados pelo seu médico a deixar de fumar.. Não são conhecidos estudos de âmbito nacional que permitam conhecer esta realidade, bem como os factores associados às melhores práticas de intervenção ou as barreiras sentidas pelos médicos de MGF à actuação nesta área. O presente trabalho teve como objectivos: (i) avaliar a hipótese de que os médicos que disseram adoptar o método clínico centrado no paciente teriam atitudes mais favoráveis relativamente à cessação tabágica e uma maior probabilidade de aconselhar os seus pacientes a parar de fumar; (ii) estudar a relação entre as atitudes, a percepção de auto-eficácia, a expectativa de efectividade e as práticas de aconselhamento sobre cessação tabágica, auto-referidas pelos médicos; (iii) Identificar as variáveis preditivas da adopção de intervenções breves de aconselhamento adaptadas ao estádio de mudança comportamental dos pacientes fumadores; (iv) identificar as barreiras e os incentivos à adopção de boas práticas de aconselhamento nesta área. A população de estudo foi constituída pelo total de médicos de medicina geral e familiar inscritos na Associação Portuguesa de Médicos de Clínica Geral, residentes em Portugal. Para recolha de informação, foi utilizado um questionário de resposta anónima, de autopreenchimento, aplicado por via postal a 2942 médicos, em duas séries de envio. O questionário integrou perguntas fechadas, semifechadas, escalas de tipo Likert e escalas de tipo visual analógico. Para avaliação da adopção do método clínico centrado no paciente, foi usada a Patient Practitioner Orientation Scale (PPOS). O tratamento estatístico dos dados foi efectuado com o Programa PASW Statistics (ex-SPSS), versão 18. Foram utilizados: o índice de α de Cronbach, diversos testes não paramétricos e a análise de regressão logística binária. Foi obtida uma taxa de resposta de 22,4%. Foram analisadas 639 respostas (67,4% de mulheres e 32,6% de homens). Referiram ser fumadores 23% dos homens e 14% das mulheres. Foi identificada uma grande carência formativa em cessação tabágica, tendo apenas 4% dos médicos afirmado não necessitar de formação nesta área. Responderam necessitar de formação em entrevista motivacional 66%, em prevenção da recaída 59%, de treino numa consulta de apoio intensivo 55%, em intervenção breve 54% e em terapêutica farmacológica 55%. Cerca de 92% dos respondentes consideraram que o aconselhamento para a cessação tabágica é uma tarefa que faz parte das suas atribuições, mas apenas 76% concordaram totalmente com a realização de uma abordagem oportunística deste assunto em todos os contactos com os seus pacientes. Como prática mais frequente, perante um paciente em preparação para parar, 85% dos médicos disseram tomar a iniciativa de aconselhar, 79% avaliar a motivação, 67% avaliar o grau de dependência, 60% marcar o “dia D” e 50% propor terapêutica farmacológica. Apenas 21% assumiram realizar com frequência uma intervenção breve com pacientes em preparação (5 Ás); 13% uma intervenção motivacional com pacientes não motivados para mudar (5 Rs) e 20% uma intervenção segundo os princípios da entrevista motivacional, relativamente a pacientes ambivalentes em relação à mudança. A análise multivariada de regressão logística permitiu concluir que as variáveis com maior influência na decisão de aconselhar os pacientes sobre cessação tabágica foram a percepção de auto-eficácia, o nível de atitudes negativas, a adopção habitual do Programa-tipo de cessação tabágica da DGS, a posse de formação específica nesta área e a não identificação de barreiras ao aconselhamento, em particular organizacionais ou ligadas ao processo de comunicação na consulta. Embora se tenha confirmado a existência de associação entre a adopção do método clínico centrado no paciente e as atitudes face à cessação tabágica, não foi possível confirmar plenamente a associação entre a adopção deste método e as práticas autoreferidas de aconselhamento. Os médicos que manifestaram um nível baixo ou moderado de atitudes negativas, uma percepção elevada de auto-eficácia, que nunca fumaram, que referiram adoptar o Programa-tipo de cessação tabágica e que não identificaram barreiras organizacionais apresentaram uma maior probabilidade de realizar uma intervenção breve (“5 Ás”) de aconselhamento de pacientes fumadores em preparação para parar de fumar. Nunca ter fumado apresentou-se associado a uma probabilidade de realizar uma intervenção breve (“5 Ás”) com frequência, superior à verificada entre os médicos que referiram ser fumadores (Odds-ratio ajustado = 2,6; IC a 95%: 1,1; 5,7). Os médicos com o nível de auto-eficácia no aconselhamento mais elevado apresentaram uma probabilidade superior à encontrada entre os médicos com o menor nível de auto-eficácia de realizar com frequência uma intervenção breve de aconselhamento, integrando as cinco vertentes dos “5 Ás” (Odds ratio ajustado = 2,6; IC a 95%: 1,3; 5,3); de realizar uma intervenção motivacional breve com fumadores renitentes a parar de fumar (Odds ratio ajustado = 3,1; IC a 95%: 1,4; 6,5) ou de realizar com frequência uma intervenção motivacional com pacientes em estádio de ambivalência (Odds ratio = 8,8; IC a 95%: 3,8; 19,9). A falta de tempo, a falta de formação específica e a falta de equipa de apoio foram as barreiras ao aconselhamento mais citadas. Como factores facilitadores de um maior investimento nesta área, cerca de 60% dos médicos referiram a realização de um estágio prático de formação; 57% a possibilidade de dispor do apoio de outros profissionais; cerca de metade a melhoria da sua formação teórica. Cerca de 25% dos médicos investiria mais em cessação tabágica se dispusesse de um incentivo financeiro e 20% se os pacientes demonstrassem maior interesse em discutir o assunto ou existisse uma maior valorização desta área por parte dos colegas e dos órgãos de gestão. As limitações de representatividade da amostra, decorrentes da taxa de resposta obtida, impõem reservas à possibilidade de extrapolação destes resultados para a população de estudo, sendo de admitir que os respondentes possam corresponder aos médicos mais interessados por este tema e que optam por não fumar. Outra importante limitação advém do facto de não ter sido estudada a vertente relativa aos pacientes, no que se refere às suas atitudes, percepções e expectativas quanto à actuação do médico neste campo. Pesem embora estas limitações, os resultados obtidos revelaram uma grande perda de oportunidades de prevenção da doença e de promoção da saúde. Parece ter ficado demonstrada a importante influência que as atitudes, em especial as negativas, e as percepções, em particular a percepção de auto-eficácia, podem exercer sobre as práticas de aconselhamento auto-referidas. Todavia, será necessário aprofundar os resultados agora encontrados com estudos de natureza qualitativa, que permitam compreender melhor, por um lado, as percepções, expectativas e necessidades dos pacientes, por outro, as estratégias de comunicação que deverão ser adoptadas pelo médico, atendendo à complexidade do problema e ao tempo disponível na consulta, tendo em vista aumentar a literacia dos pacientes para uma melhor autogestão da sua saúde. Parece ter ficado igualmente patente a grande carência formativa neste domínio. A adopção do modelo biomédico como paradigma da formação médica pré e pós-graduada, proposto, há precisamente cem anos, por Flexner, tem contribuído para a desvalorização das componentes psicoemocionais e sociais dos fenómenos de saúde e de doença, assim como para criar clivagens entre cuidados curativos e preventivos e entre medicina geral e familiar e saúde pública. Porém, o actual padrão de saúde/doença próprio das sociedades desenvolvidas, caracterizado por “pandemias” de doenças crónicas e incapacitantes, determinadas por factores de natureza sociocultural e comportamental, irá obrigar certamente à revisão daquele paradigma e à necessidade de se (re)adoptarem os grandes princípios Hipocráticos de compreensão dos processos de saúde/doença e do papel da medicina.

Mapping Mediterranean Portugal: Pastoral and Counter-pastoral

This article focuses on the different images of Mediterranean Portugal developed by three important Portuguese social scientists of the 20th century: the geographer Orlando Ribeiro, the ethnologist Jorge Dias and the social anthropologist José Cutileiro. The article argues that these different images stem from different ideological attitudes towards the countryside, ranging from pastoral to counter-pastoral, and are also related to different ways of addressing the links between the countryside and national identity.

Determinants of mother-baby relationship evaluated during pregnancy

ABSTRACT Background Mental health promotion is supported by a strong body of knowledge and is a matter of public health with the potential of a large impact on society. Mental health promotion programs should be implemented as soon as possible in life, preferably starting during pregnancy. Programs should focus on malleable determinants, introducing strategies to reduce risk factors or their impact on mother and child, and also on strengthening protective factors to increase resilience. The ambition of early detecting risk situations requires the development and use of tools to assess risk, and the creation of a responsive network of services based in primary health care, especially maternal consultation during pregnancy and the first months of the born child. The number of risk factors and the way they interact and are buffered by protective factors are relevant for the final impact. Maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) is not yet a totally understood and well operationalized concept. Methodological problems limit the comparison of data as many studies used small size samples, had an exploratory character or used different selection criteria and different measures. There is still a lack of studies in high risk populations evaluating the consequences of a weak MFA. Instead, the available studies are not very conclusive, but suggest that social support, anxiety and depression, self-esteem and self-control and sense of coherence are correlated with MFA. MFA is also correlated with health practices during pregnancy, that influence pregnancy and baby outcomes. MFA seems a relevant concept for the future mother baby interaction, but more studies are needed to clarify the concept and its operationalization. Attachment is a strong scientific concept with multiple implications for future child development, personality and relationship with others. Secure attachment is considered an essential basis of good mental health, and promoting mother-baby interaction offers an excellent opportunity to intervention programmes targeted at enhancing mental health and well-being. Understanding the process of attachment and intervening to improve attachment requires a comprehension of more proximal factors, but also a broader approach that assesses the impact of more distal social conditions on attachment and how this social impact is mediated by family functioning and mother-baby interaction. Finally, it is essential to understand how this knowledge could be translated in effective mental health promoting interventions and measures that could reach large populations of pregnant mothers and families. Strengthening emotional availability (EA) seems to be a relevant approach to improve the mother-baby relationship. In this review we have offered evidence suggesting a range of determinants of mother-infant relationship, including age, marital relationship, social disadvantages, migration, parental psychiatric disorders and the situations of abuse or neglect. Based on this theoretical background we constructed a theoretical model that included proximal and distal factors, risk and protective factors, including variables related to the mother, the father, their social support and mother baby interaction from early pregnancy until six months after birth. We selected the Antenatal Psychosocial Health Assessment (ALPHA) for use as an instrument to detect psychosocial risk during pregnancy. Method Ninety two pregnant women were recruited from the Maternal Health Consultation in Primary Health Care (PHC) at Amadora. They had three moments of assessment: at T1 (until 12 weeks of pregnancy) they filed out a questionnaire that included socio-demographic data, ALPHA, Edinburgh post-natal Depression Scale (EDPS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Sense of Coherence (SOC); at T2 (after the 20th weeks of pregnancy) they answered EDPS, SOC and MFA Scale (MFAS), and finally at T3 (6 months after birth), they repeated EDPS and SOC, and their interaction with their babies was videotaped and later evaluated using EA Scales. A statistical analysis has been done using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, univariate logistic regression and multiple linear regression. Results The study has increased our knowledge on this particular population living in a multicultural, suburb community. It allow us to identify specific groups with a higher level of psychosocial risk, such as single or divorced women, young couples, mothers with a low level of education and those who are depressed or have a low SOC. The hypothesis that psychosocial risk is directly correlated with MFAS and that MFA is directly correlated with EA was not confirmed, neither the correlation between prenatal psychosocial risk and mother-baby EA. The study identified depression as a relevant risk factor in pregnancy and its higher prevalence in single or divorced women, immigrants and in those who have a higher global psychosocial risk. Depressed women have a poor MFA, and a lower structuring capacity and a higher hostility to their babies. In average, depression seems to reduce among pregnant women in the second part of their pregnancy. The children of immigrant mothers show a lower level of responsiveness to their mothers what could be transmitted through depression, as immigrant mothers have a higher risk of depression in the beginning of pregnancy and six months after birth. Young mothers have a low MFA and are more intrusive. Women who have a higher level of education are more sensitive and their babies showed to be more responsive. Women who are or have been submitted to abuse were found to have a higher level of MFA but their babies are less responsive to them. The study highlights the relevance of SOC as a potential protective factor while it is strongly and negatively related with a wide range of risk factors and mental health outcomes especially depression before, during and after pregnancy. Conclusions ALPHA proved to be a valid, feasible and reliable instrument to Primary Health Care (PHC) that can be used as a total sum score. We could not prove the association between psychosocial risk factors and MFA, neither between MFA and EA, or between psychosocial risk and EA. Depression and SOC seems to have a clear and opposite relevance on this process. Pregnancy can be considered as a maturational process and an opportunity to change, where adaptation processes occur, buffering risk, decreasing depression and increasing SOC. Further research is necessary to better understand interactions between variables and also to clarify a better operationalization of MFA. We recommend the use of ALPHA, SOC and EDPS in early pregnancy as a way of identifying more vulnerable women that will require additional interventions and support in order to decrease risk. At political level we recommend the reinforcement of Immigrant integration and the increment of education in women. We recommend more focus in health care and public health in mental health condition and psychosocial risk of specific groups at high risk. In PHC special attention should be paid to pregnant women who are single or divorced, very young, low educated and to immigrant mothers. This study provides the basis for an intervention programme for this population, that aims to reduce broad spectrum risk factors and to promote Mental Health in women who become pregnant. Health and mental health policies should facilitate the implementation of the suggested measures.

Compaction quality control on site of earthworks - A comparative study

The capacity to use geologic materials (soil and rock) that are available in the surrounding environment is inherent to the human civilization and has contributed to the evolution of societies throughout the course of history. The use of these materials in the construction of structures such as houses, roads, railways or dams, stirred the improvement of socioeconomic and environmental conditions. Several reports of structural problems on embankments can be found throughout history. A considerable number of those registers can be linked to inadequate compaction, demonstrating the importance of guaranteeing a suitable quality of soil compaction. Various methodologies and specifications of compaction quality control on site of earthworks, based on the fill moisture content and dry unit weight, were developed during the 20th century. Two widely known methodologies are the conventional and nuclear techniques. The conventional methods are based on the use of the field sand cone test (or similar) and sampling of material for laboratory-based testing to evaluate the fill dry unit weight and water content. The nuclear techniques measure both parameters in the field using a nuclear density gauge. A topic under discussion in the geotechnical community, namely in Portugal, is the comparison between the accuracy of the nuclear gauge and sand cone test results for assessing the compaction and density ratio of earth fills, particularly for dams. The main purpose of this dissertation is to compare both of them. The data used were acquired during the compaction quality control operations at the Coutada/Tamujais dam trial embankment and core construction. This is a 25 m high earth dam located in Vila Velha de Rodão, Portugal. To analyse the spatial distribution of the compaction parameters (water content and compaction ratio), a 3D model was also developed. The main results achieved are discussed and finally some considerations are put forward on the suitability of both techniques to ensure fill compaction quality and on additional research to complement the conclusions obtained.

Cognitive models for the concept of angle

Tese de doutoramento em Filosofia

Competência intercultural: conteúdos culturais na aquisição da língua estrangeira e sua integração didáctica no ensino do alemão

Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Cultura Alemã.

Controlo da tuberculose em Portugal : papel e qualidade da detecção de casos

RESUMO - A impressionante evolução da incidência notificada desde 1950 evidencia o quanto o sistema de informação é sensível ao esforço de notificação, reflectindo ainda o impacte das medidas de controlo que foram sendo introduzidas, bem como alguma melhoria nas condições sociais com efeito favorável sobre a doença (Briz, 2005). Sendo a tuberculose uma doença de notificação obrigatória, nos termos da Portaria n.º 766/86, de 26 de Dezembro, os casos deverão ser sempre comunicados à Autoridade de Saúde, em impresso aprovado. O facto de a tuberculose ter um sistema de informação próprio tem permitido um conhecimento relativamente completo da situação epidemiológica. (DGS, 1995) Pretende-se caracterizar o perfil de distribuição da incidência notificada da tuberculose pulmonar, em Portugal Continental, nomeadamente a nível distrital, no período compreendido entre 2000 e 2008, inclusive, partindo-se depois para um estudo mais pormenorizado, relacionado com a sensibilidade do sistema de notificação da tuberculose, no sentido de se quantificarem os problemas de subnotificação. Para validação da notificação, serão utilizados os dados de 2007 e 2008. Procurar-se-á depois obter o perfil da incidência ajustada para a detecção em cada um desses anos, avançando-se de seguida para a identificação e caracterização de parâmetros complementares e de acesso fácil que contribuam para interpretar a distribuição geográfica da incidência notificada, em função da sua provável validade. Perante o eventual confronto com o problema da subnotificação, a identificação das razões da menor adesão à notificação de casos de tuberculose pulmonar apresenta-se quase como inevitável, sendo feita através do recurso a entrevistas a informadores-chave. --------------------------------------ABSTRACT - The impressive development of the incidence reported since 1950 shows how the system is sensitive to the effort of notification, still reflects the impact of control measures have been introduced, and some improvement in social conditions with favorable effect on the disease ( Briz, 2005). As tuberculosis a notifiable disease, according to Ordinance No. 766/86, December 26, cases should be reported to the Health Authority, approved in print. The fact that tuberculosis have an information system itself has allowed a relatively complete knowledge of the epidemiological situation. (DGS, 1995) The aim is to characterize the distribution profile of the reported incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis, in Portugal, particularly at district level in the period between 2000 and 2008, starting from then to a more detailed study, related to the sensitivity of the system notification of tuberculosis, in order to quantify the problems of underreporting. For validation of the notification, we used the data from 2007 and 2008. Search will then obtain the profile of the adjusted incidence for detection in each of those years, advancing is then for the identification and characterization of additional parameters and easy access to contribute to interpret the geographical distribution of reported incidence in according to their likely validity. Given the eventual confrontation with the problem of underreporting, the identification of reasons for the lower adherence to reporting cases of pulmonary tuberculosis has become almost as inevitable, being made through the use of interviews with key informants.

Analysis of early synthetic dyes with HPLC-DAD-MS: an important database for analysis of colorants used in cultural heritage

Presented thesis at Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade de Lisboa, to obtain the Master Degree in Conservation and Restoration of Textiles

Las Tesis lusitanistas. Arqueología y antropología en Portugal

Complutum, V. 12, pp. 297-309.

Spatial analysis and investigation of fire events occurrences in the Valencian Community, Spain

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.

Providing energy efficiency location-based strategies for buildings using linked open data

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.

Development of new oxygen therapeutics using fluorinated ionic liquids

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau Mestre em Engenharia Biomédica