Food waste valorization through the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by mixed microbial cultures

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Understanding the microbial ecology and ecophysiology of enhanced biological phosphorus removal processes through metabolic modelling and experimental studies

Dissertation to obtain the degree of Master in Chemical and Biochemical Engineering

Enrichment of a PHA producing microbial community in a continuous bioreactor setup

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biosynthetic polyesters, biodegradable and biocompatible making them of great interest for industrial purposes. The use of low value substrates with mixed microbial communities (MMC) is a strategy currently used to decrease the elevated PHA production costs. PHA production process requires an important step for selection and enrichment of PHA-storing microorganisms which is usually carried out in a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). The aim of this study was to optimize the PHA accumulating culture selection stage using a 2-stage Continuous Stirrer Tank Reactor (CSTR) system. The system was composed by two separate feast and famine bioreactors operated continuously, mimicking the feast and famine phases in a SBR system. Acetate was used as carbon source and biomass seed was highly enriched in Plasticicumulans acidivorans obtained from activated sludge. The system was operated under two different sets of conditions (setup 1 and 2), maintaining a system total retention time of 12 hours and an OLR of 2.25 Cmmol/L.h-1. An average PHB-content of 3.3 % wt was obtained in setup 1 and 4.8% wt in setup 2. Several other experiments were performed in order to better understand the continuous system behaviour, using biomass from the continuous system. With the fed-batch experiment a maximum of 8.1% PHB was stored and the maximum substrate uptake and specific growth rates obtained in the growth experiment (1.15 Cmol Cmol-1.h-1 and 0.53 Cmol Cmol-1.h-1) were close to the ones from continuous system (1.12 Cmol Cmol-1.h-1 and 0.59 Cmol Cmol-1.h-1). The microbial community was characterized trough microscopic visualization, Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis and Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The last studied performed mimicked the continuous system by building up a SBR system with all the same operational conditions while adding an extra acetate dosage during the 12 h cycle, simulating the substrate passing from the feast to the famine reactors under continuous operation. It was shown that possibly the continuous system was not able to efficiently select for PHB storing organisms under the operational conditions imposed, although the selected culture was capable of consuming the substrate and grow fast. This main conclusion might have resulted from two major factors affecting the system performance: the ammonium concentration in the Feast reactor and the amount of substrate leaching from the Feast to the Famine reactor.

Impact of carbon/nitrogen feeding strategy on polyhydroxyalkanoates production using mixed microbial cultures

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production using mixed microbial cultures (MMC) requires a multi-stage process involving the microbial selection of PHA-storing microorganisms, typically operated in sequencing batch reactors (SBR), and an accumulation reactor. Since low-cost renewable feedstocks used as process feedstock are often nitrogen-deficient, nutrient supply in the selection stage is required to allow for microbial growth. In this context, the possibility to uncouple nitrogen supply from carbon feeding within the SBR cycle has been investigated in this study. Moreover, three different COD:N ratios (100:3.79, 100:3.03 and 100:2.43) were tested in three different runs which also allowed the study of COD:N ratio on the SBR performance. For each run, a synthetic mixture of acetic and propionic acids at an overall organic load rate of 8.5 gCOD L-1 d-1 was used as carbon feedstock, whereas ammonium sulfate was the nitrogen source in a lab-scale sequence batch reactor (SBR) with 1 L of working volume. Besides, a sludge retention time (SRT) of 1 d was used as well as a 6 h cycle length. The uncoupled feeding strategy significantly enhanced the selective pressure towards PHA-storing microorganisms, resulting in a two-fold increase in the PHA production (up to about 1.3 gCOD L-1). A high storage response was observed for the two runs with the COD:N ratios (gCOD:gN) of 100:3.79 and 100:3.03, whereas the lowest investigated nitrogen load resulted in very poor performance in terms of polymer production. In fact, strong nitrogen limitation caused fungi to grow and a very poor storage ability by microorganisms that thrived in those conditions. The COD:N ratio also affected the polymer composition, indeed the produced poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) showed a variable HV content (1-20 %, w/w) among the three runs, lessening as the COD:N increased. This clearly suggests the possibility to use the COD:N ratio as a tool for tuning polymer properties regardless the composition of the feedstock.

Contribuição para o estudo da influência do dióxido de carbono no processo de biodegradação (reactor fed-batch proporcional)

O reactor “Fed-batch” Proporcional utiliza o aumento de pressão que se verifica no interior do reactor, provocado pela acumulação do dióxido de carbono produzido no decurso da degradação aeróbia de um composto orgânico, para adicionar substrato ao reactor, sendo a alimentação proporcional à velocidade ou taxa de degradação de substrato. Nestas circunstâncias, e pretendendo-se avaliar da fiabilidade daquele tipo de reactor, era necessário verificar se a reacção biológica era perturbada pela acumulação de dióxido de carbono. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objectivo estudar a influência do dióxido de carbono, dissolvido na solução de fermentação, no crescimento microbiano e no consumo de substrato, através da comparação do funcionamento, em paralelo, de dois reactores “fed-batch”, sendo um proporcional e outro aberto. Constatou-se que os valores das constantes cinéticas, taxa específica de consumo de substrato (qobs) e coeficiente de rendimento celular (Y(X/S)), determinados no reactor “Fed-batch” Proporcional e num reactor “Fed-batch” Aberto, operados em condições equivalentes, eram semelhantes. Os valores da taxa de crescimento específica (μobs) apresentam diferenças mais significativas, no entanto a maioria dos testes estatísticos não-paramétricos aplicados demonstraram que o conjunto de valores de cada reactor pertencem à mesma distribuição. A taxa de consumo de oxigénio (OUR), que reflecte a viabilidade da biomassa, é normalmente superior no reactor “Fed-batch” Aberto. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo não evidenciaram efeitos inibidores, para a reacção biológica, provocados pelo dióxido de carbono dissolvido, ou pelos iões bicarbonato que se acumulam no reactor “Fed-batch” Proporcional.

Metanólise de óleo de soja em biodiesel através de um reactor de membrana

Com o aumento das necessidades energéticas, bem como dos cada vez mais conhecidos efeitos nocivos dos combustíveis fósseis, tornou-se imperativo pesquisar e desenvolver alternativas sustentáveis e verdes a esses recursos. O biodiesel é considerado como o melhor substituto para o combustível diesel convencional de base petroquímica. A transesterificação de óleos vegetais revela-se como uma importante via de obtenção do biodiesel. Na produção de biodiesel com catalisadores básicos homogéneos, como o hidróxido de sódio, deparamo-nos com um problema na hidrólise de triglicéridos, levando à formação de sabões e emulsões. Mesmo quando são usados reagentes secos, há formação de água devido à reacção do hidróxido com o álcool. Estes problemas podem ser solucionados com a utilização de catalisadores heterogéneos. Este estudo incidiu na preparação de membranas catalíticas de álcool polivinílico (PVA) incorporadas com um catalisador heterogéneo sólido básico (óxido de cálcio) obtido de resíduos industriais (casca de ovo). Caracterizaram-se as membranas catalíticas através da determinação da espessura, ângulos de contacto, grau de inchamento e espectroscopia de infravermelho. As membranas de PVA foram testadas na metanólise de óleo de soja em reactor batch e reactor de membrana catalítica. Estudou-se o efeito da reticulação química e por irradiação gama, nas propriedades das membranas e na actividade catalítica.

Experimental design methodologies for the identification of Michaelis-Menten type kinetics

The main objective of this work was to investigate the application of experimental design techniques for the identification of Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters. More specifically, this study attempts to elucidate the relative advantages/disadvantages of employing complex experimental design techniques in relation to equidistant sampling when applied to different reactor operation modes. All studies were supported by simulation data of a generic enzymatic process that obeys to the Michaelis-Menten kinetic equation. Different aspects were investigated, such as the influence of the reactor operation mode (batch, fed-batch with pulse wise feeding and fed-batch with continuous feeding) and the experimental design optimality criteria on the effectiveness of kinetic parameters identification. The following experimental design optimality criteria were investigated: 1) minimization of the sum of the diagonal of the Fisher information matrix (FIM) inverse (A-criterion), 2) maximization of the determinant of the FIM (D-criterion), 3) maximization of the smallest eigenvalue of the FIM (E-criterion) and 4) minimization of the quotient between the largest and the smallest eigenvalue (modified E-criterion). The comparison and assessment of the different methodologies was made on the basis of the Cramér-Rao lower bounds (CRLB) error in respect to the parameters vmax and Km of the Michaelis-Menten kinetic equation. In what concerns the reactor operation mode, it was concluded that fed-batch (pulses) is better than batch operation for parameter identification. When the former operation mode is adopted, the vmax CRLB error is lowered by 18.6 % while the Km CRLB error is lowered by 26.4 % when compared to the batch operation mode. Regarding the optimality criteria, the best method was the A-criterion, with an average vmax CRLB of 6.34 % and 5.27 %, for batch and fed-batch (pulses), respectively, while presenting a Km’s CRLB of 25.1 % and 18.1 %, for batch and fed-batch (pulses), respectively. As a general conclusion of the present study, it can be stated that experimental design is justified if the starting parameters CRLB errors are inferior to 19.5 % (vmax) and 45% (Km), for batch processes, and inferior to 42 % and to 50% for fed-batch (pulses) process. Otherwise equidistant sampling is a more rational decision. This conclusion clearly supports that, for fed-batch operation, the use of experimental design is likely to largely improve the identification of Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters.

Transport mechanism in ionic liquid membranes and the study of thiomersal biodegradation

The initial goal of this work was the development of a supported liquid membrane (SLM) bioreactor for the remediation of vaccine production effluents contaminated with a highly toxic organomercurial – thiomersal. Therefore, two main aspects were focused on: 1) the development of a stable supported liquid membrane – using room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) – for the selective transport of thiomersal from the wastewater to a biological compartment, 2) study of the biodegradation kinetics of thiomersal to metallic mercury by a Pseudomonas putida strain. The first part of the work focused on the evaluation of the physicochemical properties of ionic liquids and on the SLMs’ operational stability. The results obtained showed that, although it is possible to obtain a SLM with a high stability, water possesses nonnegligible solubility in the RTILs studied. The formation of water clusters inside the hydrophobic ionic liquid was identified and found to regulate the transport of water and small ions. In practical terms, this meant that, although it was possible to transport thiomersal from the vaccine effluent to the biological compartment, complete isolation of the microbial culture could not be guaranteed and the membrane might ultimately be permeable to other species present in the aqueous vaccine wastewater. It was therefore decided not to operate the initially targeted integrated system but, instead, the biological system by itself. Additionally, attention was given to the development of a thorough understanding of the transport mechanisms involved in the solubilisation and transport of water through supported liquid membranes with RTILs as well as to the evaluation of the effect of water uptake by the SLM in the transport mechanisms of water-soluble solutes and its effect on SLM performance. The results obtained highlighted the determinant role played by water – solubilised inside the ionic liquids – on the transport mechanism. It became clear that the transport mechanism of water and water-soluble solutes through SLMs with [CnMIM][PF6] RTILs was regulated by the dynamics of water clusters inside the RTIL, rather than by molecular diffusion through the bulk of the ionic liquid. Although the stability tests vi performed showed that there were no significant losses of organic phase from the membrane pores, the formation of water clusters inside the ionic liquid, which constitute new, non-selective environments for solute transport, leads to a clear deterioration of SLM performance and selectivity. Nevertheless, electrical impedance spectroscopy characterisation of the SLMs showed that the formation of water clusters did not seem to have a detrimental effect on the SLMs’ electrical characteristics and highlighted the potential of using this type of membranes in electrochemical applications with low resistance requirements. The second part of the work studied the kinetics of thiomersal degradation by a pure culture of P. putida spi3 strain, in batch culture and using a synthe tic wastewater. A continuous ly stirred tank reactor fed with the synthetic wastewater was also operated and the bioreactor’s performance and robustness, when exposed to thiomersal shock loads, were evaluated. Finally, a bioreactor for the biological treatment of a real va ccine production effluent was set up and operated at different dilution rates. Thus it was possible to treat a real thiomersal-contaminated effluent, lowering the outlet mercury concentration to values below the European limit for mercury effluent discharges.

Optimization of bioplastics production from cheese whey

Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Biotechnology

Produção de biodiesel por transesterificação de óleos vegetais sobre guanidinas ancoradas em suportes sólidos

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Desenvolvimento de membranas catalíticas para a produção de aroma de jacinto a partir de glicerol

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Contributo para a avaliação do balanço associado à degradação de compostos disruptores endócrinos em águas residuais domésticas

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, perfil de Engenharia Sanitária

Desenvolvimento de membranas catalíticas poliméricas para a metanólise de ácidos gordos

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Acetalização de glicerol e fenilacetaldeído assistida por pervaporação em reactor de membrana catalítica

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Contribuição para o estudo da modelação da digestão anaeróbia de resíduos sólidos, estudo da influência da geometria do reactor na cinética do processo

O presente trabalho tem como objectivo contribuir para o estudo do desenvolvimento de um modelo matemático aplicado à digestão anaeróbia de resíduos sólidos, que incorpore os condicionamentos da geometria dos reactores e a sua influência na cinética do processo biológico. Nesse sentido, o trabalho propõe-se avaliar o comportamento cinético de três reactores, com o mesmo volume mas com diferentes relações tridimensionais, utilizando o mesmo substrato, e idênticos parâmetros ambientais e operacionais de funcionamento. Pretendeu-se estudar em que medida a relação do comprimento, largura e altura de um reactor pode interferir nas taxas de remoção de substrato, condicionando a respectiva difusão na biomassa e crescimento dos microrganismos. Considera-se que este aspecto é do maior interesse para o desenvolvimento de um modelo cinético, podendo minimizar desvios inerentes à própria modelação de processos biológicos complexos. A geometria do reactor, que se correlaciona com uma determinada relação tridimensional, pode constituir um parâmetro importante, que se designou por Kcig (Constante de Inibição Geométrica), dada a influência que poderá exercer na cinética do processo biológico. A sua avaliação, parametrização e consequente modelação, deverá facilitar a escolha da relação comprimento/largura/altura mais adequada, de forma a optimizar o funcionamento operacional do reactor. O plano experimental desenvolveu-se em duas fases, utilizando-se dois substratos com graus distintos de dificuldade de utilização pelos microrganismos, nomeadamente: Fase 1 (glucose), Fase 2 (FORSU e relva). Concluiu-se que a cinética do processo é influenciada pela relação entre as áreas de separação de biogás/biomassa (As) e de contacto biomassa/reactor (Ac), que interferem na geometria do reactor. Assim, através dos resultados das fases 1 e 2 pode observar-se que a variação da taxa de remoção de substrato se aproxima de uma função de saturação, pelo que se propõe uma adaptação do modelo de Monod, através de um formalismo que incorpora uma grandeza adimensional, Kcig, para reflectir o efeito da geometria do reactor. Verificou-se que a equação adoptada para Kcig se mostrou adequada, o que permitiu, através do modelo de Monod ajustado, estimar os valores de rx máx e Ks que se admite estarem mais próximos dos verdadeiros, embora se considere que apenas se pretende corrigi-los em função do efeito da geometria do reactor. Por outro lado, o estudo permitiu identificar um valor de Kcig para o reactor de 2,5 L, a partir do qual poderá não ser interessante a relação entre a taxa de remoção de substrato e a área de construção do reactor.