La marge continentale sud-portugaise: évolution structurale et sédimentaire

The structural and sedimentary evolution of the portuguese continental margin South of Setúbal Canyon is outlined from the study of many seismic reflection profiles and rocks samples. During Triassic and Early Liassic time, a distension affects the Algarve margin that belongs to the Mesogean area. Off Baixo Alentejo rifting phases at Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous times induced opening or widening of the adjacent part of the Atlantic ocean. Alpine orogeny is inferred to explain the Eocene and Miocene deformation of the margin specially along the main NE-SW fractures.

Aspectos gerais da tectónica alpina no Algarve

The study of the tectonic strutures affecting the mesozoic and cenozoic deposits of Algarve's basin allows us to recognize the following phases of the Alpine orogeny: Jurassic (Upper Triassic at least)-Lower Cretaceous N-S distension; N-S compression during the setting-up of the Monchique syenite dome at the uppermost Cretaceous; Paleogene compression (?) (only locally? - at the Albufeira salt dome); Lower Miocene N-S distension; Upper Burdigalian to Lower Langhian N-S and E-W distension; N-S or NNW-SSE compression after the Middle Miocene; E-W compression after the Upper Tortonian; N-S compression during the Quaternary. NE-SW fractures affecting the Paleozoic basement are related with the first distension phases. The mesozoic N-S distension are the main cause of the two E-W flexures so far recognized. A tectonic inversion event did occur after the setting up of the Monchique syenite. If, the Lower Cretaceous Lower Miocene Albufeira's unconformity, is a local effect of halokinesis then, the true tectonic inversion of the Algarve basin, did occur in the Middle Miocene. These events correlate well with those knewn at Southern Spain and Morocco.

Tectónica da região de Sintra

Photo-interpretation of aerial stereopairs of the Sintra region on the approx. 1/32 000 scale together with field work allowed the production of the present Tectonic Map of the Sintra region. It is now possible to separate structures which resulted from two different tectonic events: one, corresponding to the intrusion of the Late Cretaceous Sintra igneous diapir, and the other the Miocene compressive event, the most important tectonic inversion phase of the Lusitanian Basin. The former are present to the south, southeast and east of the intrusion and within the intrusion itself, affecting the peripheral granites and their contacts with the gabbro-syenite core. These structures comprehend: i) faults and conical fractures striking parallel to the massif boundary, which were intruded by dykes, ii) vertical faults and fractures of two conjugate sets, dextral NNW-SSE and sinistral NNE-SSW. These faults are certainly associated with the E-W striking massif's northwards directed thrust and indicate a N-S oriented horizontal maximum compressive stress. The Miocene compressive event reactivated most of the inherited structures as follows. The NNWSSE faults located on the Sintra southern platform were reactivated as dextral strike slip faults and the E-W thrust along the northern boundary of the massif was also reactivated. This thrust propagated to the east. It also enhanced the asymmetry of the rim-syncline, uplifted the massif and reactivated the NNE-SSW faults as sinistral lateral ramps, which also accommodated vertical throw. The present Tectonic Map of Sintra together with the available geophysical data (MOREIRA, 1984, KULLBERG et al., 1991, SILVA & MIRANDA, 1994) allowed reassessment of the models proposed for the emplacement of the Sintra, Sines and Monchique igneous massifs, which intruded during Late Cretaceous times along the deep dextral NNW-SSE oriented strike slip fault (RIBEIRO et al., 1979; TERRINHA, 1998; TERRINHA & KULLBERG, 1998).

Interpretação tectónica de um conjunto de lineamentos WNW-ESE observados em imagens landsat da margem oeste ibérica

The existence of satellite images ofthe West Iberian Margin allowed comparative study of images as a tool applied to structural geology. Interpretation of LANDSAT images of the Lusitanian Basin domain showed the existence of a not previously described WNW-ESE trending set oflineaments. These lineaments are persistent and only observable on small scale images (e.g. approx. 11200000 and 11500 000) with various radiometric characteristics. They are approximately 20 km long, trend l200±15° and cross cut any other families oflineaments. The fact that these lineaments are perpendicular to the Quaternary thrusts of the Lower Tagus Valley and also because they show no off-set across them, suggests that they resulted from intersection oflarge tensile fractures on the earth's surface. It is proposed in this work that these lineaments formed on a crustal flexure of tens ofkm long, associated with the Quaternary WNW-ESE oriented maximum compressive stress on the West Iberian Margin. The maximum compressive stress rotated anticlockwise from a NW -SE orientation to approximately WNW-ESE, from Late Miocene to Quaternary times (RIBEIRO et aI., 1996). Field inspection of the lineaments revealed zones of norm~1.J. faulting and cataclasis, which are coincident with the lineaments and affect sediments of upper Miocene up to Quaternary age. These deformation structures show localized extension perpendicular to the lineaments, i.e. perpendicular to the maximum compressive direction, after recent stress data along the West Portuguese Margin (CABRAL & RIBEIRO, 1989; RIBEIRO et at., 1996). Also, on a first approach, the geographical distribution of these lineaments correlates well with earthquake epicenters and areas of largest Quaternary Vertical Movements within the inverted Lusitanian Basin (CABRAL, 1995).

Os custos das fracturas de etiologia osteoporótica em mulheres : institucionalização na Rede Nacional de Cuidados Continuados (RNCCI) e lares de 3ª idade

RESUMO - Contexto: A osteoporose é uma doença sistémica associada à diminuição da resistência óssea que condiciona o aparecimento de fracturas por traumatismos de baixa energia as quais reduzem em muitos casos a esperança e a qualidade de vida, implicando um elevado número de horas de dedicação dos cuidadores e conduzindo, em muitos casos, à necessidade de institucionalização dos doentes. Em Portugal, ocorrem cerca de 40.000 fracturas anualmente, das quais 8.500 do fémur proximal, que se estima consumirem mais de 50 milhões de euros só em cuidados hospitalares1. Objectivo: Avaliar o impacto económico da institucionalização na Rede Nacional de Cuidados Continuados Integrados e Lares da 3ª idade por fractura de etiologia osteoporótica em mulheres no ano 2009, em Portugal. Métodos: O estudo começa por analisar sucintamente os aspectos clínicos, sociais e epidemiológicos da osteoporose, focando a perda de autonomia e qualidade de vida dos doentes vítimas deste episódio e a subsequente necessidade de institucionalização. Descrevem-se os custos associados à institucionalização na RNCCI, em Portugal, ano 2009, utilizando como fonte principal a base de dados da instituição “Gestcare CCI”, complementada com dados da literatura. Apuram-se os custos totais associados ao encaminhamento dos doentes para Lares de 3ª Idade em Portugal no ano 2009, utilizando-se informação proveniente de um painel de Delphi modificado e dados da literatura. A valorização dos recursos tem por base os preços em vigor no território nacional, expressos nos decretos-lei devidamente referenciados. Resultados: No ano 2009 em Portugal foram empregues cerca de 2,5 milhões de euros no internamento das mulheres na RNCCI, na perspectiva da sociedade, sendo cerca de 2,2 milhões atribuíveis à osteoporose (90%). Cerca de 91% dos custos totais são alocados à fractura osteoporótica da anca (2 milhões €). Para a fractura vertebral, úmero e punho os custos foram mais baixos - 7,1%, 1,3% e 1% dos custos totais da osteoporose, respectivamente. Nos Lares de 3ª idade, estimou-se a admissão de aproximadamente 14.372 doentes com fractura osteoporótica em diferentes localizações, em 2009, Portugal, com um custo que oscilou entre os 19 e os 21,6 milhões de euros. A fractura osteoporótica da anca foi a mais incidente e a que representou custos mais elevados para a Segurança Social – entre 17,5 e 19,7 milhões de euros. Considerando como referência os 52 milhões de euros gastos em 2006 no tratamento hospitalar da fractura da anca (DGS, 2006), o encaminhamento das mulheres para a RNCCI e Lares da 3ª Idade corresponde a 42% do bolo total. Assim, os resultados nacionais enquadram-se no que se encontra descrito na literatura internacional - os custos atribuíveis à hospitalização oscilaram entre 17%50 e 63%29 da despesa total da doença e das institucionalizações entre os 16%58 e os 59%51. Conclusões: Em Portugal o impacto económico da institucionalização por fractura osteoporótica, sobretudo por fractura da anca, não é desprezável e mostra que existiriam poupanças significativas se fosse possível reduzir a prevalência da doença em Portugal. Face às alterações demográficas associadas ao envelhecimento da população, é expectável que a incidência e custos com o tratamento das fracturas do colo do fémur, mais associadas à osteoporose, venham a subir nos próximos anos, pelo que o combate à doença deve ser considerada uma prioridade nacional. A decisão pela opção por determinados programas de prevenção da doença ou da comparticipação ou não de determinada terapêutica necessita contudo de ser complementada com a medição da dimensão dos benefícios terapêuticos. --- ABSTRACT - Background: Osteoporosis is a systemic disease associated with the loss off the bone strength and it is one of the major causes of low energy fractures, which in many cases reduce life hope and quality. This happens because it has associated extensive treatments and it usually carries loss of independence, implying many hours of caregivers dedication and leading, in many cases, to the institutionalization of the patients. In Portugal, about 40,000 fractures occur annually, which 8,500 are proximal femur, and that are estimated to consume over 50 million euros only in hospital care. Objective: Evaluate the economic impact of institutionalization on the Integrated Continued Care National Network (RNCCI) and Care Homes associated to osteoporotic fractures in women, in the year 2009 in Portugal. Methods: The study begins by reviewing briefly the clinical, social, and epidemiological studies of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures, focusing on the patient autonomy loss and life quality. The total and average costs per episode associated with the institutionalization in RNCCI are described, in Portugal, year 2009, using as main data source the application "Gestcare CCI", complemented with literature data. The total costs associated with the patients referral for the Care Homes in Portugal in 2009 is also calculated, using information from a modified Delphi panel and some literature data. The resources valuation is based on prices prevailing in Portugal. Results: In 2009, women relocation in RNCCI consumed approximately 2.5 million euros, which 2.2 million are attributable to osteoporosis (90%). About 91% of the total costs are allocated to osteoporotic hip fracture (€ 2 million). For vertebral, humerus, and wrist fracture, the associated costs were lower, 7.1%, 1.3%, and 1% of total costs of osteoporosis treatment, respectively. In Care Homes, an intake of approximately 14 372 patients with osteoporotic fracture was estimated, at a cost that is between 19 and 21.6 million euros. The osteoporotic hip fracture was the most frequent and represented higher costs for Social Security - between 17.5 and 19.7 million euros. Taking as reference the 52 million spent in 2006 with hospital treatment of hip fracture (DGS, 2006), referring women to RNCCI and Care Homes represents 42% of the total costs. The results are in accordance with the international literature - costs attributable to hospitalization ranged between 17% and 63% of total expenditure of illness and institutionalization between 16% and 59%. Conclusions: In Portugal, the economic impact of institutionalization for osteoporotic fracture, particularly for hip fracture, is not negligible. It was shown that there would be significant savings if it were possible to reduce the prevalence of the disease in Portugal. Femoral fractures were the second most frequent diagnosis in RNCCI in 2008 and 2009 (16% of all episodes recorded). The execution of RNCCI in 2008 was 75 million euros, and 2.7% consumed by hip fracture and 0.3% by wrist, humerus, and spine fractures. The average cost per episode in 2009, from the perspective of society, for hip fracture, vertebral, humerus, and wrist (or non-osteoporotic) was € 5,195, € 5,160, € 5,030, and € 4,854 respectively. Thus, considering an average cost per episode in RNCCI from January to March of 3230€, the expense related to the treatment of these patients in RNCCI in 2009 was higher. For the Care Homes, an intake of approximately 14 372 patients with osteoporotic fracture in 2009 was estimated, at a cost to Social Security that ranged from 19 to 21.6 million €. The osteoporotic hip fracture was the most frequent and it was shown to absorve higher resources from Social Security - between 17.5 and 19.7 million €. This was followed by the analysis of vertebral and humerus fracture and the results showed that these fractures have a low incidence and low proportion of institutionalization, with a significantly lower cost - only about 4.7% and 3.3% of total expenditure, respectively. With demographic changes associated to ageing, it is expected that the incidence and treatment cost of the femoral neck fractures, more commonly associated with osteoporosis, will climb in coming years, so the fight against the disease should be considered a national priority. The decision to choose a certain disease prevention program or to reimburse a certain drug not should only account about the costs, but also the benefits of it. In fact, the size and impact of this problem, makes it necessary to focus all interventions in the prevention of these episodes either by using an appropriate therapy, either through real programs for disease prevention. Once the problem is installed, we must measure the health gains associated with the patient institutionalization by conducting additional research.

Thermo-hydro-mechanical analysis of CO2 injection into deep aquifers

One of the biggest challenges for humanity is global warming and consequently, climate changes. Even though there has been increasing public awareness and investments from numerous countries concerning renewable energies, fossil fuels are and will continue to be in the near future, the main source of energy. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is believed to be a serious measure to mitigate CO2 concentration. CCS briefly consists of capturing CO2 from the atmosphere or stationary emission sources and transporting and storing it via mineral carbonation, in oceans or geological media. The latter is referred to as carbon capture and geological storage (CCGS) and is considered to be the most promising of all solutions. Generally it consists of a storage (e.g. depleted oil reservoirs and deep saline aquifers) and sealing (commonly termed caprock in the oil industry) formations. The present study concerns the injection of CO2 into deep aquifers and regardless injection conditions, temperature gradients between carbon dioxide and the storage formation are likely to occur. Should the CO2 temperature be lower than the storage formation, a contractive behaviour of the reservoir and caprock is expected. The latter can result in the opening of new paths or re-opening of fractures, favouring leakage and compromising the CCGS project. During CO2 injection, coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical phenomena occur, which due to their complexity, hamper the assessment of each relative influence. For this purpose, several analyses were carried out in order to evaluate their influences but focusing on the thermal contractive behaviour. It was finally concluded that depending on mechanical and thermal properties of the pair aquifer-seal, the sealing caprock can undergo significant decreases in effective stress.

Estimação da permeabilidade em reservatórios fraturados - Comparação entre o método do tensor e o método de upscaling

A simulação dinâmica de reservatórios de petróleo requer a alocação de permeabilidades equivalentes para todos os blocos. A determinação da permeabilidade equivalente em reservatórios fraturados é uma questão complexa e crítica no fluxograma de modelação, porque é totalmente dependente da geometria 3D sistema de fraturas, e respetivas aberturas, que muitas vezes são mal conhecidos. Para avaliar a permeabilidade equivalente de blocos fraturados, o método do tensor ou de Oda é um dos mais utilizados. É expedito e eficiente mesmo para a sistemas com vários milhões de fraturas. Todavia, na literatura são apontadas algumas críticas, por exemplo, sobrestima a permeabilidade em blocos pouco fraturados e subestima-a em blocos muito fraturados. Este trabalho tem como objetivos, revisitar a problemática da caracterização da permeabilidade equivalente em blocos de reservatórios fraturados. Recorreu-se a um pacote de programas informáticos FROM3D-K (fractures object model – permeability evaluation) desenvolvidos e/ ou adaptados no contexto deste trabalho e que permitem as funcionalidades: (1) simulação estocástica 3D de fraturas; (2) determinação da permeabilidade equivalente pelo método do tensor; (3) determinação da permeabilidade equivalente pelo método de upscaling de microblocos. Estas funções permitem que a mesma rede de fraturas seja avaliada pelos dois métodos. Para a demonstração de resultados mostram-se dois exemplos, o primeiro onde são simuladas fraturas condicionadas a estatísticas sintéticas de orientação, intensidade e abertura e o segundo onde se utilizam dados FMI de poço de um reservatório fraturado.

Intervenção da fisiopetarpia em indivíduos com osteoartrose do joelho: características da prática clínica e resultados obtidos em contexto de prática convencionada

RESUMO: Introdução: A osteoartrose do joelho em particular constitui uma das maiores causas de incapacidades no dia-a-dia, morbilidade e aumento dos custos de saúde na população, na medida em que é uma condição que quando sintomática progride para um padrão que incluí dor articular, perda de força, incapacidade para a marcha e redução da aptidão física. A sua prevalência aumenta com a idade, 7% entre pessoas dos 65-70 anos, e 11,2% para aqueles com 80 anos ou mais, pouco variando entre os estudos existentes. Um recente estudo da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) refere que a osteoartrose é a quarta causa mais importante de incapacidade entre as mulheres e a oitava entre os homens. Objetivo do estudo: Descrever a intervenção da fisioterapia em contexto de prática clínica convencionada e os resultados obtidos em indivíduos com OA, ao nível da intensidade da dor, capacidade funcional e perceção global de melhoria. Desenho Metodológico: Trata-se de um Estudo de coorte prospetivo onde foram incluídos indivíduos de ambos os géneros, entre os 60 e os 80 anos, com osteoartrose do joelho referenciada clinicamente. Após o consentimento informado, os pacientes foram, avaliados em quatro momentos: num primeiro momento (T0), antes de iniciarem o tratamento; (T1) após 4 semanas do início do tratamento; (T2) coincidente com o final do tratamento; e (T3) 3 meses após o início do tratamento. Foi utilizado um Questionário de Caracterização Sócio-Demográfica e Clínica, a Escala numérica da dor – END, o questionário KOOS (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score) e a versão portuguesa da Patient Global Impression Change (PGIC-PT). A base de seleção dos indivíduos foi realizada numa clínica convencionada do Algarve. Resultados: Foi observado um aumento significativo em todos os outcomes avaliados pelo KOOS, END e PGIC num período até 3 meses após a intervenção. Na avaliação da END em T3 o valor da média foi de 1,63(±0,71). Para o KOOS nas subescalas Sintomas foi de 87,60(±5,86), Dor 85,71(±3,99), AVD 78,23(±3,48), ADL 67,71(±7,16), QV 80,71(±9,14), para a PGIC-AVD 5,29(±0,57), PGIC-DOR 5,97(±0,61). Os resultados obtidos pelo teste de Friedman, revelaram um valor de p<0,005. Assim, a melhoria da incapacidade funcional reportada pelos participantes neste grupo é estatisticamente diferente, e de forma significativa nos diferentes momentos de recolha de dados, durante e após o tratamento (X2 (3)=208,862, p<0,005)/ (X2(3)=205,041, p<0,005). Por fim os valores do somatório dos participantes, que estão inseridos em no grupo dos “Bons Resultados”( ≥5) foi de 27,14% em T0 passando para 100,00% em T3, enquanto que o grupo dos “Maus Resultados”(<5) foi de 72,86% em T0 e 100% em T3. Conclusão: Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que a intervenção da Fisioterapia efetuadas em clínicas convencionadas nos casos da Osteoartrose do joelho são efetivas na redução significativa dos níveis de dor e incapacidade funcional e na Perceção global de melhoria em pacientes com Osteoartrose do joelho. ---------- ABSTRACT: Introduction: Osteoarthritis of the knee in particular is a major cause of disabilities in their day-to-day morbidity and increased healthcare costs in the population, in that it is a disease that when symptomatic progresses to a pattern that included joint pain, strength loss, inability to walk and reduction of physical fitness. It is referred as a risk factor for falls and fractures. Its prevalence increases with age, 7% of people between 65-70 years, and 11.2% for those aged 80 or more, ranging from some existing studies. A recent study by the World Health Organization (WHO) reports that osteoarthritis is the fourth leading cause of disability among women and eighth among men. Objective: To describe the characteristics and the outcomes of the physiotherapy practice in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Methodology: A prospective cohort study, with 70 individuals, aged between 60 and 80 years with the diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis and referred to physiotherapy treatment, was carried out. After informed consent, patients were evaluated in four different moments: at baseline (T0), before starting treatment; 4 weeks after starting their treatment (T1); 8 weeks after starting their treatment (T2); and in a 3 months follow-up (T3). Patients were assessed for their socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, pain intensity (using the numeric pain rating scale- NRS), disability (using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score), and for their global impression of change (using the Portuguese version of the Patient Glogal Impression of Change scale). Results: The findings of this study indicate a significant increase in all outcomes assessed (pain, disability and global impression of change), during and after the physiotherapy treatment. At T3, the average value for the NRS was 1.63 (± 0.71). For KOOS in the symptoms subscales was 87.60 (± 5.86), pain 85.71 (± 3.99), ADL 78.23 (± 3.48), ADL 67.71 (± 7.16), QV 80.71 (± 9.14) for the PGIC-AVD 5.29 (± 0.57), PGIC-PAIN 5.97 (± 0.61). The results obtained though the Friedman test revealed a p-value <0.005. Thus, the improvement of functional capacity reported by participants in the group was statistically different at the different moments of data collection, during and after treatment (X 2 (3) = 208.862, p <0.005) / (X 2 (3) = 205.041, p <0.005). Conclusion: The results of this study show that the physiotherapy treatments made on agreed clinics in cases of osteoarthritis of the knee, are effective in significant reduction in the levels of pain and disability and in perception of overall improvement perception in patients with osteoarthritis of the Knee.

Development and application of NMR techniques to study water-in-CO2 microemulsions

Self-assembly is a phenomenon that occurs frequently throughout the universe. In this work, two self-assembling systems were studied: the formation of reverse micelles in isooctane and in supercritical CO2 (scCO2), and the formation of gels in organic solvents. The goal was the physicochemical study of these systems and the development of an NMR methodology to study them. In this work, AOT was used as a model molecule both to comprehensively study a widely researched system water/AOT/isooctane at different water concentrations and to assess its aggregation in supercritical carbon dioxide at different pressures. In order to do so an NMR methodology was devised, in which it was possible to accurately determine hydrodynamic radius of the micelle (in agreement with DLS measurements) using diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY), the micellar stability and its dynamics. This was mostly assessed by 1H NMR relaxation studies, which allowed to determine correlation times and size of correlating water molecules, which are in agreement with the size of the shell that interacts with the micellar layer. The encapsulation of differently-sized carbohydrates was also studied and allowed to understand the dynamics and stability of the aggregates in such conditions. A W/CO2 microemulsion was prepared using AOT and water in scCO2, with ethanol as cosurfactant. The behaviour of the components of the system at different pressures was assessed and it is likely that above 130 bar reverse microemulsions were achieved. The homogeneity of the system was also determined by NMR. The formation of the gel network by two small molecular organogelators in toluene-d8 was studied by DOSY. A methodology using One-shot DOSY to perform the spectra was designed and applied with success. This yielded an understanding about the role of the solvent and gelator in the aggregation process, as an estimation of the time of gelation.

Ion-beam sources based on superionic solid electrolytes

An ion emitter consisting of a sharp silver tip covered in RbAg4I5 solid electrolyte film has been developed and studied. An accelerating potential is applied and Ag+ ions are emitted from the tip’s apex by field evaporation. The emitted ions are collected by a Faraday cup, producing a current on the pico/nanoampere level which is read by an electrometer. The tips were produced mechanically by sandpaper polishing. The sharpest tip produced had a 2:4 m apex radius. Two deposition methods were studied: thermal vacuum and pulsed laser deposition. The best tip produced a peak current value of 96nA at 180oC, and a quasi-stable 4nA emission current at 160oC, both using an extraction potential of 10kV . The emission dependence on time, temperature and accelerating potential has been studied. Deposited films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), profilometry, optical and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) measurements. Several ion emitters were developed, the latter ones were all able to maintain stable high ion emissions for long periods of time. This investigation was a continuation of an ongoing project backed by the European Space Agency, with the objective of making a proof of concept of this kind of ion emitter with potential application on ion thrusters for orbiting satellites. Going forward, it would be interesting to make a finer analysis of the electrolyte’s conductivity at high temperatures, explore Wien Effect-based emission and to further develop a multi-tip ion emitter prototype.

Fatigue life assessment of endodontic instruments subjected to multi planar curvature

This present study aimed to investigate the fatigue life of unused (new) endodontic instruments made of NiTi with control memory by Coltene™ and subjected to the multi curvature of a mandibular first molar root canal. Additionally, the instrument‟s structural behaviour was analysed through non-linear finite element analysis (FEA). The fatigue life of twelve Hyflex™ CM files was assessed while were forced to adopt a stance with multiple radius of curvature, similar to the ones usually found in a mandibular first molar root canal; nine of them were subjected to Pecking motion, a relative movement of axial type. To achieve this, it was designed an experimental setup with the aim of timing the instruments until fracture while worked inside a stainless steel mandibular first molar model with relative axial motion to simulate the pecking motion. Additionally, the model‟s root canal multi-curvature was confirmed by radiography. The non-linear finite element analysis was conducted using the computer aided design software package SolidWorks™ Simulation, in order to define the imposed displacement required by the FEA, it was necessary to model an endodontic instrument with simplified geometry using SolidWorks™ and subsequently analyse the geometry of the root canal CAD model. The experimental results shown that the instruments subjected to pecking motion displayed higher fatigue life values and higher lengths of fractured tips than those with only rotational relative movement. The finite element non-linear analyses shown, for identical conditions, maximum values for the first principal stress lower than the yield strength of the material and those were located in similar positions to the instrument‟s fracture location determined by the experimental testing results.