Calibration, selection and mosaicing of SMART-1 AMIE images

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores

Cultural innovation and transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees:evidence from field experiments

Animal Cognition, V.6, pp. 213-223

Full-scale biological phosphorus removal: quantification of storage polymers, microbial performance and metabolic modelling

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Experimental high-throughput adsorption unit for multi-evaluation of adsorbents for gas capture, storage and separation applications

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

The effect of key process operational conditions on enhanced biological phosphorus removal from wastewater

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is the most economic and sustainable option used in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for phosphorus removal. In this process it is important to control the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs), since EBPR deterioration or failure can be related with the proliferation of GAOs over PAOs. This thesis is focused on the effect of operational conditions (volatile fatty acid (VFA) composition, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and organic carbon loading) on PAO and GAO metabolism. The knowledge about the effect of these operational conditions on EBPR metabolism is very important, since they represent key factors that impact WWTPs performance and sustainability. Substrate competition between the anaerobic uptake of acetate and propionate (the main VFAs present in WWTPs) was shown in this work to be a relevant factor affecting PAO metabolism, and a metabolic model was developed that successfully describes this effect. Interestingly, the aerobic metabolism of PAOs was not affected by different VFA compositions, since the aerobic kinetic parameters for phosphorus uptake, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) degradation and glycogen production were relatively independent of acetate or propionate concentration. This is very relevant for WWTPs, since it will simplify the calibration procedure for metabolic models, facilitating their use for full-scale systems. The DO concentration and aerobic hydraulic retention time (HRT) affected the PAO-GAO competition, where low DO levels or lower aerobic HRT was more favourable for PAOs than GAOs. Indeed, the oxygen affinity coefficient was significantly higher for GAOs than PAOs, showing that PAOs were far superior at scavenging for the often limited oxygen levels in WWTPs. The operation of WWTPs with low aeration is of high importance for full-scale systems, since it decreases the energetic costs and can potentially improve WWTP sustainability. Extended periods of low organic carbon load, which are the most common conditions that exist in full-scale WWTPs, also had an impact on PAO and GAO activity. GAOs exhibited a substantially higher biomass decay rate as compared to PAOs under these conditions, which revealed a higher survival capacity for PAOs, representing an advantage for PAOs in EBPR processes. This superior survival capacity of PAOs under conditions more closely resembling a full-scale environment was linked with their ability to maintain a residual level of PHA reserves for longer than GAOs, providing them with an effective energy source for aerobic maintenance processes. Overall, this work shows that each of these key operational conditions play an important role in the PAO-GAO competition and should be considered in WWTP models in order to improve EBPR processes.

Sistemas geotérmicos de baixa entalpia estudos de caracterização térmica

A crescente atenção revelada pelas sociedades nos últimos anos, no que respeita à sustentabilidade energética do planeta, tornou-se o principal impulsionador para o desenvolvimento de formas de exploração de energia que contribuem para a redução dos gases com efeito de estufa. A energia geotérmica de baixa entalpia (Shallow Geothermal Energy–SGE) é um dos tipos de energia verde utilizados para aquecimento e arrefecimento de edifícios. Nas últimas décadas, tem vindo a demonstrar uma elevada eficácia energética e aplicabilidade em diversos países em todo o mundo. Aos sistemas convencionais de exploração abertos e fechados, seguiram-se os sistemas com estruturas de fundações termoactivas. A Suíça e Áustria foram os países pioneiros onde se iniciou a exploração utilizando este tipo de estruturas, primeiro com recurso a lajes de fundo e depois, em 1984, através de estacas. A utilização generalizada de fundações de forma bi-funcional poderá resultar numa compensação sustentável dos seus custos de implementação. No entanto, é necessário conhecer de forma sólida o comportamento geotécnico dos solos face à imposição das diferentes acções térmicas provocadas pelos Sistemas Geotérmicos de Baixa Entalpia. A eficácia dos Ground Energy Systems (GES) está directamente associada à capacidade que os solos apresentam para fornecer ou dissipar calor. O desempenho dos GES e a sua eficiência está ainda por avaliar relativamente às condições existentes em Portugal. As propriedades térmicas dos solos são um desses aspectos, sendo da maior relevância na avaliação do seu desempenho. Nesta dissertação são abordados os diferentes mecanismos de transferência de calor nos solos bem como propriedades térmicas necessárias para a sua caracterização. Apresenta-se também um caso prático, para o qual foi realizada caracterização térmica e posterior modelação numérica de uma estrutura termoactiva, determinando-se os campos de temperaturas máximos e mínimos e os fluxos térmicos provocados pelo seu funcionamento.

Evaluating the potential of yeast strains to produce added value products for the food and/or pharmaceutical industries

This study focus in the valorization of the apple pomace with the main goal of obtaining added value products. For that, hot compressed water technology was used for the extraction of phenolic compounds and hydrolysis of polysaccharides presents in the lignocellulosic structure of apple pomace to obtain simple sugars. The sugars have been utilized as alternative carbon source for growth, lipid accumulation and carotenoids production by five different yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodosporidium babjevae and Rhodosporidium toruloides. Hydrolysis experiments were carried out with constant pressure of 100 bar, flow rate of 2mL/min and temperatures between 50°C and 250°C. The amount of total sugars present in apple pomace hydrolysates showed maximum values for the hydrolysis temperatures of 110°C and 190°C. In fact, these temperatures revealed the best results regarding the monosaccharides quantities. The amount of 5-HMF and furfural in each hydrolysate varied through the different temperatures. Maximum values for 5-HMF were obtained with 170°C, while furfural showed to be maximum at 210°C. Extraction of phenolic compounds were performed in simultaneously with hydrolysis reactions. Total phenolic compounds (TPC) increased along the temperature, however with small variations between 170°C and 250°C. Hydrolysates were then used as alternative carbon source to yeast growth. R. mucilaginosa shows the highest optical density, with the hydrolysate obtained at 130°C. Carotenoids produced by these yeast scored a total of 7.02μg carotenoids/g cell dry weight, while for the control assay, the same yeast scored 9.31μg caratonoides/g cell dry weight. β-carotene was quantified by HPLC, were 33% of the carotenoid production by R. mucilaginosa with hydrolysate as carbon source, corresponded to β-caroteno.