Os periódicos portugueses de emigração (1808-1822)

Esta dissertação analisa e compara os periódicos com uma componente de divulgação científica, editados por refugiados políticos em Londres e Paris, sendo o núcleo investigado composto por quatro títulos: o Correio Braziliense (1808-1822) e O Investigador Portuguez em Inglaterra (1811-1819), publicados em Londres, O Observador Lusitano em Pariz (1815) e os Annaes das Sciencias, das Artes, e das Letras (1818-1822), ambos com origem na capital francesa. Este estudo comporta uma discussão sobre questões historiográficas levantadas pelo estudo de periódicos de divulgação científica, nomeadamente num país com as particularidades de Portugal, a caracterização do período histórico em que decorreu a vida destas publicações, um panorama breve do estado das diversas ciências no plano internacional que nelas encontraram eco, seguidos da análise propriamente dita do núcleo de periódicos seleccionados. No âmbito desta última, deu-se particular destaque aos editores e ao seu percurso, ao lugar das ciências entre as matérias apresentadas por cada periódico, e aos temas e personalidades focadas. Foram identificadas as principais fontes citadas e analisou-se a participação dos leitores em cada periódico. Ressaltam como traços fundamentais destes periódicos o esforço desenvolvido pelos seus editores no sentido de sensibilizarem os governantes para a importância de alterarem práticas tradicionais e estruturas ultrapassadas, abrindo o país à informação proveniente do exterior e, em particular, ao desenvolvimento científico e económico.

Alternativas de design no moodle

Este guião de apoio à formação tem como objectivo apoiar docentes em (1) aprender boas práticas no design de páginas web, (2) conhecer aspectos de versatilidade do moodle e (3) configurar o bloco "course menu".

Carbónico ou Carbonífero, eis a questão!

Apresenta-se uma breve pesquisa sobre a origem e introdução na nomenclatura geológica portuguesa dos termos “Carbonífero” e “Carbónico”, para designar o respectivo Sistema/Período geológico. Conclui-se que o termo “Carbónico” terá possivelmente tido origem na designação em língua francesa “Système Carbonique”, resultante de proposta de Eugene Renevier (em 1874) para a criação de um super-sistema que englobasse o Devónico, o Carbonífero e o Pérmico. Foi Wenscelau de Lima que introduziu os termos “Carbonique” e “Carbónico” (em 1888) na literatura geológica publicada em Portugal. Anteriormente, outros geólogos portugueses já tinham utilizado correctamente as designações “Carboniferous” e Carbonífero. Sendo “Carboniferous” (Phillips & Conybeare, 1822) o termo original proposto para designar formalmente a unidade estratigráfica e adoptado pelo código estratigráfico internacional, o aportuguesamento natural será “Carbonífero”, tal como escreveram Pereira da Costa (1860-61), Bernardino Gomes (1865), Carlos Ribeiro e Nery Delgado (1867, 1876). Além disso, a designação “Carbónico” revela-se desajustada face às recomendações do código estratigráfico internacional.

The Cenomanian-Turonian transition in West Central Portugal: ammonites and biostratigraphy

The Upper Cenomanian and Lower Turonian ammonite assemblages from the onshore sectors of the West Portuguese Margin are reviewed after new studies on the type section of Figueira da Foz, and correlative sections of Baixo Mondego. The faunal succession shows a strong contribution of vascoceratids and other ammonites with North African and Tethyan affinities. Euomphaloceras septemseriatum (Cragin, 1893), Kamerunoceras douvillei (Pervinquere, 1907), Fagesia catinus (Mantell, 1822), Neoptychites cephalotus (Courtiller, 1860), and Thomasites rollandi (Thomas & Peron, 1889) are for the first time mentioned to Portugal. The Upper Cenomanian is recognised after a set of 3 assemblage zones: Neolobites vibrayeanus z., Euomphaloceras septemseriatum z ., and Pseudaspidoceras pseudonodosoides z. The carbonate succession shows an important unconformity across the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, associated to subaerial exposure, and to the development of a palaeokarst over Upper Cenomanian units. The first Lower Turonian carbonates are yielded a single but diverse ammonite assemblage of middle Lower Turonian age (Thomasites rollandi z.). This biozone was previously recognised in Central Tunisia by G. Chancellor et al. (1994).

Ruling the Empire: The Portuguese Colonial Office (1820s-1926)

Portugal was one of the first and most enduring European colonial powers of modern times: 1415 and 1975 mark the beginning and the end of a long empire cycle that left impressive imprints in many places. Since it started, the overseas expansion and the exploration of the colonial resources were closely articulated with state-building and the preservation of national independence. A forerunner at the Great Age of Discoveries, but a latecomer in the era of industrialization, in the 19th and early-20th centuries Portugal was a peripheral country, and the economic gap with the rich and industrialized core of Europe was wide. During this period, however, the country faced the critical challenge of ruling vast and geographically scattered overseas territories, and of preserving them from the greed of strong imperialist powers. This article starts by outlining the major developments in the Portuguese colonial policy over a century, since the 1820s until 1926. The independence of Brazil (1822) was a crucial turning point, which brought about a shift towards Africa. The First Republic (1910-1926), pervaded by a nationalist ideology, gave a new impetus to the efforts towards a more effective colonisation. Symptomatically, a Ministry of Colonies was then established for the first time. Second, it describes and analyses the transformation of the central office for colonial affairs – from a small ministerial department to an autonomous ministry -, stressing the increasing bureaucratic specialisation, the growth of the apparatus and its staff, and the introduction of new criteria for the selection and promotion of permanent officials (namely a higher profile given to careers in local colonial administration). Finally, it presents a collective biography of both the politicians (Cabinet ministers) and the administrators (directors-general) who ran the Colonial Office for a large period of the Constitutional Monarchy (from 1851 to 1910) and during the First Republic, thus enabling to assess the impact of regime change on elite circulation and career patterns.

Res Publica: Citizenship and Political Representation in Portugal, 1820-1926

The term res publica (literally “thing of the people”) was coined by the Romans to translate the Greek word politeia, which, as we know, referred to a political community organised in accordance with certain principles, amongst which the notion of the “good life” (as against exclusively private interests) was paramount. This ideal also came to be known as political virtue. To achieve it, it was necessary to combine the best of each “constitutional” type and avoid their worst aspects (tyranny, oligarchy and ochlocracy). Hence, the term acquired from the Greeks a sense of being a “mixed” and “balanced” system. Anyone that was entitled to citizenship could participate in the governance of the “public thing”. This implied the institutionalization of open debate and confrontation between interested parties as a way of achieving the consensus necessary to ensure that man the political animal, who fought with words and reason, prevailed over his “natural” counterpart. These premises lie at the heart of the project which is now being presented under the title of Res Publica: Citizenship and Political Representation in Portugal, 1820-1926. The fact that it is integrated into the centenary commemorations of the establishment of the Republic in Portugal is significant, as it was the idea of revolution – with its promise of rupture and change – that inspired it. However, it has also sought to explore events that could be considered the precursor of democratization in the history of Portugal, namely the vintista, setembrista and patuleia revolutions. It is true that the republican regime was opposed to the monarchic. However, although the thesis that monarchy would inevitably lead to tyranny had held sway for centuries, it had also been long believed that the monarchic system could be as “politically virtuous” as a republic (in the strict sense of the word) provided that power was not concentrated in the hands of a single individual. Moreover, various historical experiments had shown that republics could also degenerate into Caesarism and different kinds of despotism. Thus, when absolutism began to be overturned in continental Europe in the name of the natural rights of man and the new social pact theories, initiating the difficult process of (written) constitutionalization, the monarchic principle began to be qualified as a “monarchy hedged by republican institutions”, a situation in which not even the king was exempt from isonomy. This context justifies the time frame chosen here, as it captures the various changes and continuities that run through it. Having rejected the imperative mandate and the reinstatement of the model of corporative representation (which did not mean that, in new contexts, this might not be revived, or that the second chamber established by the Constitutional Charter of 1826 might not be given another lease of life), a new power base was convened: national sovereignty, a precept that would be shared by the monarchic constitutions of 1822 and 1838, and by the republican one of 1911. This followed the French example (manifested in the monarchic constitution of 1791 and in the Spanish constitution of 1812), as not even republicans entertained a tradition of republicanism based upon popular sovereignty. This enables us to better understand the rejection of direct democracy and universal suffrage, and also the long incapacitation (concerning voting and standing for office) of the vast body of “passive” citizens, justified by “enlightened”, property- and gender-based criteria. Although the republicans had promised in the propaganda phase to alter this situation, they ultimately failed to do so. Indeed, throughout the whole period under analysis, the realisation of the potential of national sovereignty was mediated above all by the individual citizen through his choice of representatives. However, this representation was indirect and took place at national level, in the hope that action would be motivated not by particular local interests but by the common good, as dictated by reason. This was considered the only way for the law to be virtuous, a requirement that was also manifested in the separation and balance of powers. As sovereignty was postulated as single and indivisible, so would be the nation that gave it soul and the State that embodied it. Although these characteristics were common to foreign paradigms of reference, in Portugal, the constitutionalization process also sought to nationalise the idea of Empire. Indeed, this had been the overriding purpose of the 1822 Constitution, and it persisted, even after the loss of Brazil, until decolonization. Then, the dream of a single nation stretching from the Minho to Timor finally came to an end.

Fábulas, Lessing, Portugal: XVIll, XIX, XXI

Em 1821, Garrett (1799-185 4) confessa estar "imitar" (...) uma composição alemã do século passado, não se recordando porém do respectivo autor (Garrett. 1963 I: 1708). Em 1853, "O Menino e a Cobra" surge em quinto lugar no seio da pequena colectânea de nove poemas intitulada Fábulas e Contos inserta na 2ª- edição de Folhas Caídas (Monteiro, 1999, 141), O autor alemão chama-se Gotthold Ephraim lessing 0729-1781), criador da fábula imitada e intitulada Der Knabe und die Schlange - a terceira em trinta constantes do II livro, centro de obra triptica publicada em 1759 pelo editor C.F.VoB em Berlim e intitulada Fabeln. Drei Bücher. Nebs( AblumdluTlgen mit dieser Dichtungsart werwandren Inhalts. [Fábulas. Três Livros. Acrescidos de Tratados de Conteúdo Aparentado com esta Espécie Literária Igualmente em 1853, a Imprensa de Francisco Xavier de Souza em Lisboa publica Fábulas de G. E. Lessing, traduzidas do alemão pelo _Médico Cirurgído pela Escola de Lisboa Professor de Geographia, Chronologia e História no Lyceo Nacional da Mesma Cidade, etc. (Pereira, 1853: Frontispicio} de nome Joâo Félix Pereira (1822-1891). Lessing, escolhido, porque "De todos os escritores de seo tempo nenhum fez tantos serviços á litterarura alleman." {Pereira, 1853: I I}, para quem - assim na "biograplia" introduzindo as traduções - "Shakespeare C..) tinha cm sua [De lessing] opinião o mérito dramático dos gregos." (1853 :1415) e cujo estudo e discussão deste mérito fizeram "A Dratuarurgia, Euulia Gallon, o Laocoon e Narhan pertencelrjem certamente ao número dos modelos que mais contribuíram para dar á língua alleman a precisão, de que se julgava insuceptivel." (l853: 15), tornando Lessing para a sua epocha, como Lutther para a sua o verdadeiro modelo clássico." (idém, ibudem) Nesta "Biographia de Lessing" (Pereira, 1853:11-16) atesta-se o valor de criador de noventa fábulas em prosa traduzidas na integra e publicadas em edição bilingue.

Development and application of NMR techniques to study water-in-CO2 microemulsions

Self-assembly is a phenomenon that occurs frequently throughout the universe. In this work, two self-assembling systems were studied: the formation of reverse micelles in isooctane and in supercritical CO2 (scCO2), and the formation of gels in organic solvents. The goal was the physicochemical study of these systems and the development of an NMR methodology to study them. In this work, AOT was used as a model molecule both to comprehensively study a widely researched system water/AOT/isooctane at different water concentrations and to assess its aggregation in supercritical carbon dioxide at different pressures. In order to do so an NMR methodology was devised, in which it was possible to accurately determine hydrodynamic radius of the micelle (in agreement with DLS measurements) using diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY), the micellar stability and its dynamics. This was mostly assessed by 1H NMR relaxation studies, which allowed to determine correlation times and size of correlating water molecules, which are in agreement with the size of the shell that interacts with the micellar layer. The encapsulation of differently-sized carbohydrates was also studied and allowed to understand the dynamics and stability of the aggregates in such conditions. A W/CO2 microemulsion was prepared using AOT and water in scCO2, with ethanol as cosurfactant. The behaviour of the components of the system at different pressures was assessed and it is likely that above 130 bar reverse microemulsions were achieved. The homogeneity of the system was also determined by NMR. The formation of the gel network by two small molecular organogelators in toluene-d8 was studied by DOSY. A methodology using One-shot DOSY to perform the spectra was designed and applied with success. This yielded an understanding about the role of the solvent and gelator in the aggregation process, as an estimation of the time of gelation.