9 resultados para Neoplasms Diagnosis
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Dissertao apresentada na Faculdade de Cincias e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obteno do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotcnica e Computadores
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RESUMO: Os carcinomas localizados no nariz so muito frequentes em todas as sries conhecidas. So de diagnstico clnico fcil e a sua confirmao por bipsia muito segura. As teraputicas mais indicadas so a cirurgia e a radioterapia, genericamente eficazes. Verifica-se, no entanto, que os pacientes continuam a solicitar tratamento em estdios muito avanados, mesmo conhecendo o diagnstico e tendo acesso aos servios sem custos. Esta situao poder explicar-se face ao curso relativamente lento de muitos destes tumores e idade geralmente avanada dos doentes que, de acordo com alguns inquritos, receiam mais a terapetica do que a doena. Para obteno de informao til para conduo deste problema, foram ainda analisados outros parmetros. A maioria dos pacientes continua a solicitar tratamento quando as leses envolvem duas subunidades nasais. Esta circunstncia permite planear o tratamento cirrgico com relativa facilidade, isto , com exrese e reconstruo cujo resultado esttico final bastante aceitvel. Os tumores de grandes dimenses, envolvendo vrias subunidades, sendo frequentes, raramente implicam rinectomia total. Pelo contrrio, so mais frequentes os tumores que envolvem metade do nariz e as estruturas vizinhas tais como o maxilar, a rbita e o lbio superior, atingindo mesmo a base do crnio. O controlo da doena nestes estdios muito difcil. No raramente, quando se cr que a doena est controlada, a cirurgia reconstrutiva bem como outras formas de reabilitao conjugadas, deixam ainda muita insatisfao. A nossa actividade tem-se desenvolvido seguindo os critrios adoptados nos melhores centros, isto , as tcnicas clssicas, complementadas com refinamentos recentes. Porm reflectindo sobre os resultados obtidos no tratamento de tumores do nariz, surge-nos um conjunto de questes para as quais ainda no encontrmos respostas cabais. Actuando de acordo com os princpios que definem o estado da arte, no obtivemos ainda resultados que satisfaam tanto os doentes quanto os cirurgies. Incessantemente procuramos novos dados tcnicos e cientficos que nos permitam sair deste ciclo vicioso em que o doente retarda a procura de assistncia, receoso de que a teraputica o deixe desfigurado. Tendo sempre em vista a obteno dos melhores resultados com o mnimo de tempos cirrgicos, valorizamos alguns detalhes praticados nos retalhos com padro vascular bem definido. Dado que as sequelas na zona dadora de tecidos so uma incontornvel preocupao, procuramos refinar a sua aplicao no sentido de as atenuarmos. A fronte, excelente zona dadora para reconstruco nasal major, era sede de sequelas actualmente inaceitveis. Estudado o comportamento dos tecidos na fronte, depois de levantado o retalho e efectuado o seu encerramento com uso da tcnica de expanso intra-operatria, determinmos a presena do Factor de Crescimento Vascular Endotelial no prprio retalho e na zona dadora, tendo em vista que a sua presena poder explicar o comportamento dos tecidos que foram submetidos a esta tcnica. Procurou-se estudar a qualidade da reconstruo em 45 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de exrese e reconstruo nasal major, assim como a qualidade de vida, relacionada com a doena e a teraputica. Embora se possa admitir a existncia de dados sugestivos de estratgias mais adequadas, no foi possvel relacionar a qualidade da reconstruo com qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Poder eventualmente concluir-se que a observao permanente da reconstruo, com qualidade esttica e funcional, ser o melhor mtodo de alterar a ideia clssica, ainda muito divulgada, mas j ultrapassada, de que a cirurgia reconstrutiva do nariz no mais que transformar um defeito horroroso num defeito ridculo.---------------ABSTRACT: Malignant tumours found in the nose are very frequent in all known series. Clinical diagnosis is simple and confirmation of biopsy diagnosis is accessible and safe. The most advisable therapies are surgery and radiotherapy. Despite everything patients continue to wait until the tumour is in an advanced stage before asking for therapy, although they know the diagnosis and have free access to specialised services. This situation could probably be explained by the slow development rate of the tumours which is associated with the age of the patient. Upon inquiry, it was found that a significant number of patients are more afraid of therapy than of the disease itself. Other parameters have been analysed in order to obtain useful information about the management of this problem. The majority of patients seek adequate treatment when the lesions involve two nasal subunits. This allows the programming of surgical therapy with relative ease as they may be removed and reconstructed with interesting final aesthetical results. Large tumours involving several subunits are frequent, but they rarely call for total rhinectomy. On the contrary, tumours more frequently involve half of the nose and their neighbouring structures: for example, maxillary, orbital and upper lip, even reaching as far as the base of the skull. The control of the disease is very difficult in these stages.In cases in which it is believed that the disease is under control, reconstructive surgery in conjunction with other forms of rehabilitation still result in a lot of dissatisfaction. In our activity we try to follow the criteria adopted by the best centres following classic techniques, complemented with recent refinements. Reflecting on the treatment of tumours of the nose has led us to a series of questions to which we havent yet found the answers. In accordance with the defined principles of the state of the art it still doesnt satisfy either the patients or the surgeons. We are looking for new technical and scientific data which allows us to leave this vicious cycle, in that the deferred patient avoids looking for assistance, based on the fear that therapy could leave them disfigured. We attach importance to some practiced details on the well-defined vascular pattern of the flaps, with the principle aim of obtaining a good result, from the minimum number of operations. It is known that sequels in donor sites are a concern, so applied refinements are used in order to reduce the defect. The forehead has been considered an excellent donor site for major nasal reconstruction but the area of sequel is nowadays unacceptable. We tried to study the behaviour of the tissues of the forehead after taking the flap and closing the wound, using the intraoperative expansion technique. We determined the presence of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the flaps and in the donor site, in which its presence could explain the behaviour of the tissues of the forehead that are submitted to this technique. The quality of the reconstruction was studied in 45 patients who were submitted to surgical exeresisand major nasal reconstruction, as was the relationship between the disease and the therapy regarding quality of life. It was not possible to directely relate the quality of the reconstruction to the quality of patients life, although some suggestive data of more adequate manegement may be interesting. One might eventually conclude that, permanent exposure of the reconstruction with aesthetic and funcional quality would be the best method in order to modify the classic idea which is still known although overridden today, that nasal reconstruction could transform a horrible defect into a ridiculous one.-------RSUM: Les carcinomes situs sur le nez sont trs frquents dans toutes les sries connues. Ils sont de diagnostic facile et la confirmation de ce dernier par une biopsie, est accessible et trs fiable. La chirurgie et la radiothrapie sont les thrapeutiques les mieux indiques. Toutefois les patients continuent de solliciter un traitement, seulement dans des tats trs avancs bien quils aient eu connaissance du diagnostic et ayant accs aux services. Cette situation pourra probablement sexpliquer par lvolution relativement indolente de beaucoup de tumeurs, associe lge des malades; bien que selon quelques enqutes ralises un nombre lev de malades craint davantage la thrapeutique que la maladie. Dautres paramtres sont analyss en vue dobtenir des informations utiles pour laccompagnement de ce problme. La majorit de nos patients sollicite le traitement adquat quand les lsions entourent deux sous-units nasales, ce qui permet de planifier le traitement chirurgique avec une certaine facilit, cest dire lexrse et la reconstruction ayant un rsultat final esthtique gnralement trs acceptable. Les tumeurs de grandes dimensions entourant diffrentes sous-units sont frquentes mais elles impliquent rarement une amputation nasal total. Au contraire, les tumeurs les plus frquentes sont celles qui entourent la moiti du nez et les structures voisines comme le maxillaire, lorbite et la lvre suprieure, parfois, elles peuvent mme atteindre la base du crne. Le contrle de la maladie dans ces tats est trs difficile et quand nous pensons que la maladie est contrle, la chirurgie reconstructrice associe dautres formes de rhabilitation provoquent encore une grande insatisfaction. Nous exerons notre activit en essayant de suivre les critres adopts dans les meilleurs centres. Nous appliquons les techniques classiques compltes de retouches pour obtenir un meilleur resultat. Le fait de traiter les tumeurs nasales nous fait rflchir et poser un ensemble de questions auxquelles nous navons pas pu trouver de rponses. En actuant en accord avec les principes qui dfinissent ltat de lart, nous navons pas obtenu de rsultats qui satisfassent les malades et les chirurgiens. Nous recherchons de nouvelles donnes techniques et scientifiques qui nous permettent de sortir de ce cercle vicieux dans lequel le patient retarde la recherche daide craignant que la thrapeutique le dfigure. Nous valorisons certains dtails pratiqus sur les lambeaux de patron vasculaire bien dfini et ayant comme principaux objectifs lobtention dun bon rsultat en moins de temps de chirurgie. Nous savons que les squelles de la zone donneuse de tissus sont proccupantes, ainsi, que les retouches qui ont t appliqus dans lobjectif de les attnuer. Le front, excellente zone donneuse pour la reconstruction nasale majeure, tait une source de squelle actuellement inacceptable. Nous avons tudi le comportement des tissus du front aprs avoir relev le lambeau et effectu la fermeture avec la technique de lexpansion intraoperative. Nous avons dtermin la prsence du Facteur de Croissance Vasculaire Endothliale dans le propre lambeau et dans la zone donneuse, celle-ci pourra expliquer le comportement des tissus du front qui ont t soumis cette technique. On a essay detudier la qualit de la reconstruction sur 45 patients soumis la chirurgie dexrse et la reconstruction nasal majeure, ainsi comme la qualit de vie en relation avec la maladie et la thrapie. Quoique lon puisse conclure par lexistence des donnes subjectives des stratgies plus justes, il est impossible de faire un rapport sur la qualit de la reconstruction avec la qualit de vie des patients. Eventuellement lon purrait conclure que lobservation permanente de la reconstruction avec qualit esthtique et fonctionnelle, se serait la meilleure mthod de changer lide classique, mais depasse, de que la rhinopoise nest pas que transformer un affreux dfaut par un dfaut ridicule.
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Thesis for the Master degree in Structural and Functional Biochemistry
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Dissertao para obteno do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia Electrotcnica e Computadores especialidade: Robtica e Manufactura Integrada
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This dissertation is presented to obtain a Master degree in Structural and Functional Biochemistry
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Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women all over the world. An important issue that is not commonly addressed in breast cancer imaging literature is the importance of imaging the underarm regionwhere up to 80% of breast cancer cells can metastasise to. The first axillary lymph nodes to receive drainage from the primary tumour in the breast are called Sentinel Node. If cancer cells are found in the Sentinel Node, there is an increased risk of metastatic breast cancer which makes this evaluation crucial to decide what follow-up exams and therapy to follow. However, non-invasive detection of cancer cells in the lymph nodes is often inconclusive, leading to the surgical removal of too many nodes which causes adverse side-effects for patients. Microwave Imaging is one of the most promising non-invasive imaging modalities for breast cancer early screening and monitoring. This novel study tests the feasibility of imaging the axilla region by means of the simulation of an Ultra-Wideband Microwave Imaging system. Simulations of such system are completed in several 2D underarm models that mimic the axilla. Initial imaging results are obtained by means of processing the simulated backscattered signals by eliminating artefacts caused by the skin and beamforming the processed signals in order to time-align all the signals recorded at each antenna. In this dissertation several image formation algorithms are implemented and compared by visual inspection of the resulting images and through a range of performance metrics, such as Signal-to-Clutter Ratio and FullWidth Half Maximum calculations. The results in this study showed that Microwave Imaging is a promising technique that might allow to identify the presence and location of metastasised cancer cells in axillary lymph nodes, enabling the non-invasive evaluation of breast cancer staging.
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RESUMO: A estrutura demogrfica portuguesa marcada por baixas taxas de natalidade e mortalidade, onde a populao idosa representa uma fatia cada vez mais representativa, fruto de uma maior longevidade. A incidncia do cancro, na sua generalidade, maior precisamente nessa classe etria. A par de outras doenas igualmente lesivas (e.g. cardiovasculares, degenerativas) cuja incidncia aumenta com a idade, o cancro merece relevo. Estudos epidemiolgicos apresentam o cancro como lder mundial na mortalidade. Em pases desenvolvidos, o seu peso representa 25% do nmero total de bitos, percentagem essa que mais que duplica noutros pases. A obesidade, a baixa ingesto de frutas e vegetais, o sedentarismo, o consumo de tabaco e a ingesto de lcool, configuram-se como cinco dos fatores de risco presentes em 30% das mortes diagnosticadas por cancro. A nvel mundial e, em particular no Sul de Portugal, os cancros do estmago, recto e clon apresentam elevadas taxas de incidncia e de mortalidade. Do ponto de vista estritamente econmico, o cancro a doena que mais recursos consome enquanto que do ponto de vista fsico e psicolgico uma doena que no limita o seu raio de ao ao doente. O cancro , portanto, uma doena sempre atual e cada vez mais presente, pois reflete os hbitos e o ambiente de uma sociedade, no obstante as caractersticas intrnsecas a cada indivduo. A adoo de metodologia estatstica aplicada modelao de dados oncolgicos , sobretudo, valiosa e pertinente quando a informao oriunda de Registos de Cancro de Base Populacional (RCBP). A pertinncia justificada pelo fato destes registos permitirem aferir numa populao especfica, o risco desta sofrer e/ou vir a sofrer de uma dada neoplasia. O peso que as neoplasias do estmago, clon e recto assumem foi um dos elementos que motivou o presente estudo que tem por objetivo analisar tendncias, projees, sobrevivncias relativas e a distribuio espacial destas neoplasias. Foram considerados neste estudo todos os casos diagnosticados no perodo 1998-2006, pelo RCBP da regio sul de Portugal (ROR-Sul). O estudo descritivo inicial das taxas de incidncia e da tendncia em cada uma das referidas neoplasias teve como base uma nica varivel temporal - o ano de diagnstico - tambm designada por perodo. Todavia, uma metodologia que contemple apenas uma nica varivel temporal limitativa. No cancro, para alm do perodo, a idade data do diagnstico e a coorte de nascimento, so variveis temporais que podero prestar um contributo adicional na caracterizao das taxas de incidncia. A relevncia assumida por estas variveis temporais justificou a sua incluso numaclasse de modelos designada por modelos Idade-Perodo-Coorte (Age-Period-Cohort models - APC), utilizada na modelao das taxas de incidncia para as neoplasias em estudo. Os referidos modelos permitem ultrapassar o problema de relaes no lineares e/ou de mudanas sbitas na tendncia linear das taxas. Nos modelos APC foram consideradas a abordagem clssica e a abordagem com recurso a funes suavizadoras. A modelao das taxas foi estratificada por sexo. Foram ainda estudados os respectivos submodelos (apenas com uma ou duas variveis temporais). Conhecido o comportamento das taxas de incidncia, uma questo subsequente prende-se com a sua projeo em perodos futuros. Porm, o efeito de mudanas estruturais na populao, ao qual Portugal no alheio, altera substancialmente o nmero esperado de casos futuros com cancro. Estimativas da incidncia de cancro a nvel mundial obtidas a partir de projees demogrficas apontam para um aumento de 25% dos casos de cancro nas prximas duas dcadas. Embora a projeo da incidncia esteja associada a alguma incerteza, as projees auxiliam no planeamento de polticas de sade para a afetao de recursos e permitem a avaliao de cenrios e de intervenes que tenham como objetivo a reduo do impacto do cancro. O desconhecimento de projees da taxa de incidncia destas neoplasias na rea abrangida pelo ROR-Sul, levou utilizao de modelos de projeo que diferem entre si quanto sua estrutura, linearidade (ou no) dos seus coeficientes e comportamento das taxas na srie histrica de dados (e.g. crescente, decrescente ou estvel). Os referidos modelos pautaram-se por duas abordagens: (i)modelos lineares no que concerne ao tempo e (ii) extrapolao de efeitos temporais identificados pelos modelos APC para perodos futuros. Foi feita a projeo das taxas de incidncia para os anos de 2007 a 2010 tendo em conta o gnero, idade e neoplasia. ainda apresentada uma estimativa do impacto econmico destas neoplasias no perodo de projeo. Uma questo pertinente e habitual no contexto clnico e a que o presente estudo pretende dar resposta, reside em saber qual a contribuio da neoplasia em si para a sobrevivncia do doente. Nesse sentido, a mortalidade por causa especfica habitualmente utilizada para estimar a mortalidade atribuvel apenas ao cancro em estudo. Porm, existem muitas situaes em que a causa de morte desconhecida e, mesmo que esta informao esteja disponvel atravs dos certificados de bito, no fcil distinguir os casos em que a principal causa de morte devida ao cancro. A sobrevivncia relativa surge como uma medida objetiva que no necessita do conhecimento da causa especfica da morte para o seu clculo e dar-nos- uma estimativa da probabilidade de sobrevivncia caso o cancro em anlise, num cenrio hipottico, seja a nica causa de morte. Desconhecida a principal causa de morte nos casos diagnosticados com cancro no registo ROR-Sul, foi determinada a sobrevivncia relativa para cada uma das neoplasias em estudo, para um perodo de follow-up de 5 anos, tendo em conta o sexo, a idade e cada uma das regies que constituem o registo. Foi adotada uma anlise por perodo e as abordagens convencional e por modelos. No eplogo deste estudo, analisada a influncia da variabilidade espao-temporal nas taxas de incidncia. O longo perodo de latncia das doenas oncolgicas, a dificuldade em identificar mudanas sbitas no comportamento das taxas, populaes com dimenso e riscos reduzidos, so alguns dos elementos que dificultam a anlise da variao temporal das taxas. Nalguns casos, estas variaes podem ser reflexo de flutuaes aleatrias. O efeito da componente temporal aferida pelos modelos APC d-nos um retrato incompleto da incidncia do cancro. A etiologia desta doena, quando conhecida, est associada com alguma frequncia a fatores de risco tais como condies socioeconmicas, hbitos alimentares e estilo de vida, atividade profissional, localizao geogrfica e componente gentica. O contributo, dos fatores de risco , por vezes, determinante e no deve ser ignorado. Surge, assim, a necessidade em complementar o estudo temporal das taxas com uma abordagem de cariz espacial. Assim, procurar-se- aferir se as variaes nas taxas de incidncia observadas entre os concelhos inseridos na rea do registo ROR-Sul poderiam ser explicadas quer pela variabilidade temporal e geogrfica quer por fatores socioeconmicos ou, ainda, pelos desiguais estilos de vida. Foram utilizados os Modelos Bayesianos Hierrquicos Espao-Temporais com o objetivo de identificar tendncias espao-temporais nas taxas de incidncia bem como quantificar alguns fatores de risco ajustados influncia simultnea da regio e do tempo. Os resultados obtidos pela implementao de todas estas metodologias considera-se ser uma mais valia para o conhecimento destas neoplasias em Portugal.------------ABSTRACT: mortality rates, with the elderly being an increasingly representative sector of the population, mainly due to greater longevity. The incidence of cancer, in general, is greater precisely in that age group. Alongside with other equally damaging diseases (e.g. cardiovascular,degenerative), whose incidence rates increases with age, cancer is of special note. In epidemiological studies, cancer is the global leader in mortality. In developed countries its weight represents 25% of the total number of deaths, with this percentage being doubled in other countries. Obesity, a reduce consumption of fruit and vegetables, physical inactivity, smoking and alcohol consumption, are the five risk factors present in 30% of deaths due to cancer. Globally, and in particular in the South of Portugal, the stomach, rectum and colon cancer have high incidence and mortality rates. From a strictly economic perspective, cancer is the disease that consumes more resources, while from a physical and psychological point of view, it is a disease that is not limited to the patient. Cancer is therefore na up to date disease and one of increased importance, since it reflects the habits and the environment of a society, regardless the intrinsic characteristics of each individual. The adoption of statistical methodology applied to cancer data modelling is especially valuable and relevant when the information comes from population-based cancer registries (PBCR). In such cases, these registries allow for the assessment of the risk and the suffering associated to a given neoplasm in a specific population. The weight that stomach, colon and rectum cancers assume in Portugal was one of the motivations of the present study, that focus on analyzing trends, projections, relative survival and spatial distribution of these neoplasms. The data considered in this study, are all cases diagnosed between 1998 and 2006, by the PBCR of Portugal, ROR-Sul.Only year of diagnosis, also called period, was the only time variable considered in the initial descriptive analysis of the incidence rates and trends for each of the three neoplasms considered. However, a methodology that only considers one single time variable will probably fall short on the conclusions that could be drawn from the data under study. In cancer, apart from the variable period, the age at diagnosis and the birth cohort are also temporal variables and may provide an additional contribution to the characterization of the incidence. The relevance assumed by these temporal variables justified its inclusion in a class of models called Age-Period-Cohort models (APC). This class of models was used for the analysis of the incidence rates of the three cancers under study. APC models allow to model nonlinearity and/or sudden changes in linear relationships of rate trends. Two approaches of APC models were considered: the classical and the one using smoothing functions. The models were stratified by gender and, when justified, further studies explored other sub-models where only one or two temporal variables were considered. After the analysis of the incidence rates, a subsequent goal is related to their projections in future periods. Although the effect of structural changes in the population, of which Portugal is not oblivious, may substantially change the expected number of future cancer cases, the results of these projections could help planning health policies with the proper allocation of resources, allowing for the evaluation of scenarios and interventions that aim to reduce the impact of cancer in a population. Worth noting that cancer incidence worldwide obtained from demographic projections point out to an increase of 25% of cancer cases in the next two decades. The lack of projections of incidence rates of the three cancers under study in the area covered by ROR-Sul, led us to use a variety of forecasting models that differ in the nature and structure. For example, linearity or nonlinearity in their coefficients and the trend of the incidence rates in historical data series (e.g. increasing, decreasing or stable).The models followed two approaches: (i) linear models regarding time and (ii) extrapolation of temporal effects identified by the APC models for future periods. The study provide incidence rates projections and the numbers of newly diagnosed cases for the year, 2007 to 2010, taking into account gender, age and the type of cancer. In addition, an estimate of the economic impact of these neoplasms is presented for the projection period considered. This research also try to address a relevant and common clinical question in these type of studies, regarding the contribution of the type of cancer to the patient survival. In such studies, the primary cause of death is commonly used to estimate the mortality specifically due to the cancer. However, there are many situations in which the cause of death is unknown, or, even if this information is available through the death certificates, it is not easy to distinguish the cases where the primary cause of death is the cancer. With this in mind, the relative survival is an alternative measure that does not need the knowledge of the specific cause of death to be calculated. This estimate will represent the survival probability in the hypothetical scenario of a certain cancer be the only cause of death. For the patients with unknown cause of death that were diagnosed with cancer in the ROR-Sul, the relative survival was calculated for each of the cancers under study, for a follow-up period of 5 years, considering gender, age and each one of the regions that are part the registry. A period analysis was undertaken, considering both the conventional and the model approaches. In final part of this study, we analyzed the influence of space-time variability in the incidence rates. The long latency period of oncologic diseases, the difficulty in identifying subtle changes in the rates behavior, populations of reduced size and low risk are some of the elements that can be a challenge in the analysis of temporal variations in rates, that, in some cases, can reflect simple random fluctuations. The effect of the temporal component measured by the APC models gives an incomplete picture of the cancer incidence. The etiology of this disease, when known, is frequently associated to risk factors such as socioeconomic conditions, eating habits and lifestyle, occupation, geographic location and genetic component. The "contribution"of such risk factors is sometimes decisive in the evolution of the disease and should not be ignored. Therefore, there was the need to consider an additional approach in this study, one of spatial nature, addressing the fact that changes in incidence rates observed in the ROR-Sul area, could be explained either by temporal and geographical variability or by unequal socio-economic or lifestyle factors. Thus, Bayesian hierarchical space-time models were used with the purpose of identifying space-time trends in incidence rates together with the the analysis of the effect of the risk factors considered in the study. The results obtained and the implementation of all these methodologies are considered to be an added value to the knowledge of these neoplasms in Portugal.
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Towards a holistic perspective of CRM, this project aims to diagnose and propose a strategy and market segmentation for Siemens Healthcare. The main underlying principle is to apply a full customer-centric outlook taking own business properties into consideration while preserving Siemens Healthcares culture and vision. Mainly focused on market segmentation, this project goes beyond established boundaries by employing an unbiased perspective of CRM while challenging current strategy, goals, processes, tools, initiatives and KPIs. In order to promote a sustainable business excellence strategy, this project aspires to streamline CRM strategic importance and driving the company one step forward.
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Nowadays, many of the manufactory and industrial system has a diagnosis system on top of it, responsible for ensuring the lifetime of the system itself. It achieves this by performing both diagnosis and error recovery procedures in real production time, on each of the individual parts of the system. There are many paradigms currently being used for diagnosis. However, they still fail to answer all the requirements imposed by the enterprises making it necessary for a different approach to take place. This happens mostly on the error recovery paradigms since the great diversity that is nowadays present in the industrial environment makes it highly unlikely for every single error to be fixed under a real time, no production stop, perspective. This work proposes a still relatively unknown paradigm to manufactory. The Artificial Immune Systems (AIS), which relies on bio-inspired algorithms, comes as a valid alternative to the ones currently being used. The proposed work is a multi-agent architecture that establishes the Artificial Immune Systems, based on bio-inspired algorithms. The main goal of this architecture is to solve for a resolution to the error currently detected by the system. The proposed architecture was tested using two different simulation environment, each meant to prove different points of views, using different tests. These tests will determine if, as the research suggests, this paradigm is a promising alternative for the industrial environment. It will also define what should be done to improve the current architecture and if it should be applied in a decentralised system.
