2,4,6- Ttrichloroanisol:a consumer panel evaluation

“Cork taint” is a major problem in wine industry and is caused by contamination of wines. This contamination is usually attributed to wine cork stoppers and 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (2,4,6-TCA) is one of the compounds mostly associated to this off-flavour. In this work, a consumer panel performed “forced choice” triangular tests in order to measure Odour Detection Thresholds (ODT) and Taste Detection Thresholds (TDT) of 2,4,6-TCA in water, hydro-alcoholic solutions (11.5% and 18% ethanol) and white and red wines. A paired preference test was also performed by the panel in order to measure Odour Rejection Threshold (ORT) in white and red wine spiked with 2,4,6-TCA. Results obtained show that the ODT and the TDT for 2,4,6-TCA in water were 0.2 and 0.3 ng/L, respectively. In hydro-alcoholic solutions with 11.5% and 18% ethanol the ODT were 4 and 10 ng/L respectively. In red wine the ODT and the TDT were 0.9 and 1.7 ng/L and in white wine were 1.5 and 1.0 ng/L respectively. ORT for white was 10.4 ng/L and for red wines 16.0 ng/L. These results suggest that although this group of consumers detected very low concentrations of 2,4,6-TCA in wines, they did not reject the wine at these low concentration values.

Estudo da biodegradação do ácido 2,4- diclorofenoxiacético, um herbicida selectivo amplamente utilizado na agricultura, por uma estirpe de Penícillium

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Tecnologia e Segurança Alimentar

Método para deteção de 2,4,6-TCA por contaminação de gases halogenados de uma superfície emissora de iões positivos

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Física

Caso de estudo: UI-equipar. Procedimento de amostragem de aparas para quantificação de 2,4,6-Tricloroanisol

O sector da cortiça apresenta uma grande importância em Portugal, o líder mundial na sua exportação. Liderança encabeçada pelo Grupo Amorim, o líder mundial na transformação da cortiça. A cortiça, um material de excelência, apresenta múltiplas aplicações, das quais a mais rentável é a rolha natural, seguida da rolha técnica. É nesta última que a UI-Equipar se foca e na qual a presente dissertação foi realizada. Este material encontra-se sobre um grande escrutínio em termos de qualidade. Apresentando-se a contaminação por 2,4,6-tricloroanisol como um dos factores mais alarmantes. A presente dissertação visa a melhoria na caracterização da cortiça de trituração para quantificação de 2,4,6-tricloroanisol, ou TCA, no controlo deste composto no início do processo produtivo. Para tal, elaborou-se uma hipótese de trabalho na qual se avaliou a aplicação da trituração da cortiça no controlo em estudo. Realizaram-se uma serie de análises sobre as aparas Refugo, Broca e Especial em que se averiguou o efeito da área de exposição, da representatividade da amostragem, do volume de análise e da presença das partes mais sujas da cortiça, as Terras. As evidências apontam para que, apesar da grande heterogeneidade quanto à presença de 2,4,6-tricloroanisol, apenas para a apara Refugo e para a apara Broca a percentagem de detecção de contaminações por TCA aumenta em consequência do aumento da área de exposição do material em análise e através de uma melhor representatividade da cortiça (comparativamente ao procedimento actualmente em prática). Mostra-se ainda que para a apara Refugo e para a apara Broca os resultados obtidos da análise de cortiça triturada são estatisticamente diferentes dos resultados das análises em apara e que da implementação de meio litro ou dois litros; e da presença ou ausência de terras não se obtêm diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Recomenda-se que a amostragem complementada com a trituração, com uma maceração em meio litro, seja aplicada às aparas Refugo e Broca, mantendo-se inalterada o controlo sobre a apara Especial.

Green synthesis of 2-Oxazoline-based polymers with antimicrobial activity using scCO2

Using a green methodology, 17 different poly(2-oxazolines) were synthesized starting from four different oxazoline monomers. The polymerization reactions were conducted in supercritical carbon dioxide under a cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) mechanism using boron trifluoride diethyl etherate as the catalyst. The obtained living polymers were then end-capped with different types of amines, in order to confer them antimicrobial activity. For comparison, four polyoxazolines were end-capped with water, and by their hydrolysis the linear poly(ethyleneimine) (LPEI) was also produced. After functionalization the obtained polymers were isolated, purified and characterized by standard techniques (FT-IR, NMR, MALDI-TOF and GPC). The synthesized poly(2-oxazolines) revealed an unusual intrinsic blue photoluminescence. High concentration of carbonyl groups in the polymer backbone is appointed as a key structural factor for the presence of fluorescence and enlarges polyoxazolines’ potential applications. Microbiological assays were also performed in order to evaluate their antimicrobial profile against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus NCTC8325-4 and gram-negative Escherichia coli AB1157 strains, two well known and difficult to control pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC)s and killing rates of three synthesized polymers against both strains were determined. The end-capping with N,N-dimethyldodecylamine of living poly(2- methyl-2-oxazoline) and poly(bisoxazoline) led to materials with higher MIC values but fast killing rates (less than 5 minutes to achieve 100% killing for both bacterial species) than LPEI, a polymer which had a lower MIC value, but took a longer time to kill both E.coli and S.aureus cells. LPEI achieved 100% killing after 45 minutes in contact with E. coli and after 4 hours in contact with S.aureus. Such huge differences in the biocidal behavior of the different polymers can possibly underlie different mechanisms of action. In the future, studies to elucidate the obtained data will be performed to better understand the killing mechanisms of the polymers through the use of microbial cell biology techniques.

Control of a white organic light emitting diode’s emission parameters using a single doped RGB active layer

White Color tuning is an attractive feature that Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) offer. Up until now, there hasn’t been any report that mix both color tuning abilities with device stability. In this work, White OLEDs (W-OLEDs) based on a single RGB blend composed of a blue emitting N,N′-Di(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (NPB) doped with a green emitting Coumarin-153 and a red emitting 4-(Dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM1) dyes were produced. The final device structure was ITO/Blend/Bathocuproine (BCP)/ Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminium (Alq3)/Al with an emission area of 0.25 cm2. The effects of the changing in DCM1’s concentration (from 0.5% to 1% wt.) allowed a tuning in the final white color resulting in devices capable of emitting a wide range of tunes – from cool to warm – while also keeping a low device complexity and a high stabilitty. Moreover, an explanation on the optoelectrical behavior of the device is presented. The best electroluminescense (EL) points toward 160 cd/m2 of brightness and 1.1 cd/A of efficiency, both prompted to being enhanced. An Impedance Spectroscopy (IS) analysis allowed to study both the effects of BCP as a Hole Blocking Layer and as an aging probe of the device. Finally, as a proof of concept, the emission was increased 9 and 64 times proving this structure can be effectively applied for general lighting.