Quantum dots: synthesis, functionalization and bioconjugation for biological applications

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Engineering Sciences and Technology

Phage display as a tool for development of novel therapeutics for breast cancer

Phage display technology is a powerful platform for the generation of highly specific human monoclonal antibodies (Abs) with potential use in clinical applications. Moreover, this technique has also proven to be a reliable approach in identifying and validating new cancer-related targets. For scientific or medical applications, different types of Ab libraries can be constructed. The use of Fab Immune libraries allows the production of high quality and affinity antigen-specific Abs. In this work, two immune human phage display IgG Fab libraries were generated from the Ab repertoire of 16 breast cancer patients, in order to obtain a tool for the development of new therapeutic Abs for breast cancer, a condition that has great impact worldwide. The generated libraries are estimated to contain more than 108 independent clones and a diversity over 90%. Libraries validation was pursued by selection against BSA, a foreign and highly immunogenic protein, and HER2, a well established cancer target. Preliminary results suggested that phage pools with affinity for these antigens were selected and enriched. Individual clones were isolated, however, it was not possible to obtain enough data to further characterize them. Selection against the DLL1 protein was also performed, once it is a known ligand of the Notch pathway, whose deregulation is associated to breast cancer, making it an interesting target for the generation of function-blocking Abs. Selection resulted in the isolation of a clone with low affinity and Fab expression levels. The validation process was not completed and further effort will have to be put in this task in the future. Although immune libraries concept implies limited applicability, the library reported here has a wide range of use possibilities, since it was not restrained to a single antigen but instead thought to be used against any breast cancer associated target, thus being a valuable tool.

Aptamers binding to Bradykinin

Bradykinin is a peptide of the kinin group, involved in a number of receptor-mediated physiological actions, including inflammation and vasodilation, as well as neuromodulation, neuroprotection and promotion of neurogenesis. Bradykinin is the main ligand of the B2 receptor- the main kinin receptor- which is involved in the cardiac and renal protective effects of kinins in diseases. Antibodies have been considered for a long time as promising therapeutic agents in various fields, especially cancer-related ones. Aptamers, on the other hand, have proven to be an excellent alterative, since they have similar properties to those of monoclonal antibodies, such a high-specificity of recognition and high-affinity binding. Plus, they are developed using in vitro selection procedures and can be reproduced by enzymatic reactions. SELEX is a powerful tool for the development of both DNA and RNA aptamers. The main goal of this project was to design a method to select aptamers against bradykinin using capillary electrophoresis alongside the SELEX technique. The selection was done by comparing the aptamers’ (ssDNA-target complex) electrophoretic mobility with that of the ssDNA and the target, which allowed us to define an appropriate collection window that took into consideration the analytes’ detection time, thus enabling the collection of the desired oligonucleotides. After two selection rounds, the collected pool was sequenced, the affinity was measured and the aptamers’ secondary structure was predicted. We concluded that with only two selection cycles, the original DNA library’s bulk affinity grew around 0.4%. The structural characterization of the aptamers, performed with the aid of the Mfold software, revealed that there are many repetitive motifs amongst them, indicating that the selection process was successful. We have obtained 16 sequences of candidate aptamers as bradykinin ligands of similar sequences and secondary structures whose biological activity should be analyzed after synthesis; mainly in regard to their role as bradykinin inhibitors.

Chitosan-based magnetic nanoparticles for osteosarcoma theranostic

Cancer is a well-known disease with a significant impact in society not only due to its incidence, more evident in more developed countries, but also due to the expenses related to medical treat-ments. Cancer research is considered an increasingly logical science with great potential for the development of new treatment options. Advances in nanomedicine have resulted in rapid devel-opment of nanomaterials with considerable potential in cancer diagnostics and treatment. The combination of diagnosis and treatment in a single nano-platform is named theranostic. In this PhD thesis a theranostic system for osteosarcoma was proposed, composed by a magnetic core, a polymeric coating, and a chemotherapeutic drug. The presence of a specific targeting agent, in this case a monoclonal antibody, provides high specificity to the proposed theranostic system. For the core of the proposed theranostic system, stable aqueous suspensions of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with an average diameter of 9 nm were produced. Chitosan-based poly-meric nanoparticles with a hydrodynamic diameter around 150 nm were successfully produced. Incorporation of iron oxide nanoparticles into the polymeric ones increased their hydrodynamic diameter to at least 250 nm. A monoclonal antibody specific for a transmembranar protein (car-bonic anhydrase IX) present in solid tumors was developed by hybridoma technology. Functional hybridomas producing the desired monoclonal antibodies were obtained. The proposed theranostic system functionality was evaluated in separated parts of its components. Uncoated and coated iron oxide nanoparticles with chitosan-based polymers generated heat under the application of an external alternating magnetic field. Uncoated iron oxide nanoparticles sta-bilized with oleic acid were able to enhance contrast in magnetic resonance imaging. Drug deliv-ery studies were conducted in chitosan-based polymeric nanoparticles without and with the in-corporation of iron oxide nanoparticles, demonstrating to be an effective drug delivery platform for doxorubicin. The theranostic system proposed in this PhD thesis is very promising for cancer theranostic, demonstrating to be applicable in solid tumors such as osteosarcoma.

Parâmetros associados a sibilância recorrente após bronquite aguda

RESUMO Introdução: a bronquiolite aguda afecta 30 a 60% das crianças saudáveis até ao terceiro aniversário. Destas, 50% evoluem para sibilância recorrente, com consequências pessoais, familiares e sociais relevantes. Objectivos: identificação de parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais associados à sibilância recorrente em crianças saudáveis. A detecção da actividade local de quatro citocinas intervenientes nas vias imunológicas Th1 ou Th2 permitiu, gualmente, o estudo do respectivo comportamento em função dos referidos parâmetros. Material e Métodos: estudo prospectivo de coorte, efectuado no serviço de urgência pediátrica do HSFX no Inverno 2004/2005. Recrutada amostra de conveniência de 188 lactentes de idade inferior a 24 meses e diagnóstico de bronquiolite aguda. Excluídos portadores de doença crónica, ex-prematuros e os doentes sujeitos a corticoterapia nas duas semanas anteriores. A todos foi feito questionário padronizado, exame clínico e estratificação da gravidade através de índice validado. Na mucosa nasal, foram pesquisados Ag víricos e estudada a expressão génica de quatro citocinas - representativas da via Th1 (IFN-g e IL-12) ou Th2 (IL-4 e IL-13). Esta determinação foi efectuada por RT-PCR, no Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Centro de Histocompatibilidade do Sul. Durante o seguimento, em consulta de pneumologia pediátrica até à idade de 36 meses, foram excluídos os seguintes casos: patologia anatómica ou funcional que justificasse sibilância recorrente, valores totais de IgE elevados, Phadiatop® positivo ou défice de IgG, IgA ou IgM. Os resultados foram estudados por estatística descritiva, análise univariada e multivariada. Foi considerado com significado estatístico, em todas as análises, o valor de p < 0,05. Resultados: das 188 crianças recrutadas, foram excluídas 36 (principalmente por identificação de outras causas de sibilância recorrente). Da amostra final de 152 doentes, 76 (50%) foram considerados sibilantes e 76 não sibilantes. Os seguintes parâmetros à entrada relacioram-se com a evolução para sibilância recorrente: idade inferior a 6 meses (OR: 3,8; IC95% 1,8-9,1); exposição ao fumo de tabaco na vida intrauterina (OR: 2,5; IC95% 1,2-5,2) ou após o nascimento (OR: 2,4; IC95% 1,0-5,8); atopia materna (OR: 4,0; IC95% 1,5-10,3); maior gravidade (OR: 1,2; IC95% 1,1-1,4); apirexia (OR: 4,7; IC95% 1,8-11,8); identificação de vírus (OR: 3,5; IC95% 1,4-8,7); predomínio imunitário de tipo Th2 em lactentes com idade superior a seis meses (OR:1,3; IC95% 1,0-1,7). Verificou-se predomínio Th1 na mucosa nasal das crianças com irmãos ou que frequentavam o infantário (OR: 3,1; IC95% 1,4-6,5); nas amamentadas (OR: 1,2; IC95% 1,1-1,4) e naquelas em que se identificaram Ag víricos (OR: 4,0; IC95% 1,3-11,9). O contacto com fumo de tabaco no domicílio foi o determinante mais importante de predomínio Th2 (OR: 2,3; IC95% 1,1-4,7). Discussão e Conclusões: Foram considerados factores de risco para sibilância recorrente em lactentes saudáveis: idade inferior no momento do primeiro episódio de bronquiolite; exposição passiva (antenatal ou pós-natal) ao fumo de tabaco;antecedentes maternos de atopia; primeiro episódio com maior gravidade, sem febre e com dentificação de Ag víricos nas secreções nasais. Os resultados do presente estudo reforçam as recomendações usuais de aleitamento materno, limitação de contactos sociais em lactentes e evicção tabágica durante a gravidez e após o nascimento.

Expression of antibodies and retroviralVectors from defined chromosomal sites: strategies towards reliable production systems

Dissertation presented to obtain a Ph.D. degree in Sciences of Engineering and Technology, Cell Technology, at the Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa