Síntese de uma biblioteca de derivados de indole com potencial actividade antioxidante e inibição selectiva da COX‐2

Os compostos indólicos constituem uma extensa e larga família de compostos presentes em bactérias, plantas e animais, sendo alvo de especial interesse nas áreas tanto da química biológica como na da química medicinal. O triptofano, aminoácido essencial para o Homem, constitui um importante exemplo de derivados de indole. Outros exemplos, derivados desta importante estrutura, são o ácido indole‐3‐acético (hormona presente nas plantas) e a melatonina (hormona segregada pela glândula pineal). Uma importante característica dos compostos derivados do indole é que estes podem ser úteis como fármacos usados no tratamento da inflamação (por exemplo,indometacina, acemetacina, etodolac), assim como no tratamento de doenças associadas ao stress oxidativo, como o cancro e doenças neurodegenerativas. Com o intuito de estudar a relação estrutura‐actividade sintetizou‐se uma biblioteca de derivados de indole e, posteriormente, avaliou‐se a actividade antioxidante dos compostos preparados usando como espécie reactiva de oxigénio o radical peroxilo. Todos os compostos testados, à excepção de um, revelaram actividade. Os resultados obtidos contribuirão para o design racional de futuras gerações de bibliotecas. Foram, ainda, desenvolvidos estudos sintéticos para a preparação de um potencial inibidor selectivo da COX‐2.

Electron driven reactions in complexes embedded in superfluid helium droplets

A thesis submitted to the University of Innsbruck for the doctor degree in Natural Sciences, Physics and New University of Lisbon for the doctor degree in Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics

Engineered MRI nanoprobes based on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

This project aimed to engineer new T2 MRI contrast agents for cell labeling based on formulations containing monodisperse iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) coated with natural and synthetic polymers. Monodisperse MNP capped with hydrophobic ligands were synthesized by a thermal decomposition method, and further stabilized in aqueous media with citric acid or meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) through a ligand exchange reaction. Hydrophilic MNP-DMSA, with optimal hydrodynamic size distribution, colloidal stability and magnetic properties, were used for further functionalization with different coating materials. A covalent coupling strategy was devised to bind the biopolymer gum Arabic (GA) onto MNPDMSA and produce an efficient contrast agent, which enhanced cellular uptake in human colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT116 cell line) compared to uncoated MNP-DMSA. A similar protocol was employed to coat MNP-DMSA with a novel biopolymer produced by a biotechnological process, the exopolysaccharide (EPS) Fucopol. Similar to MNP-DMSA-GA, MNP-DMSA-EPS improved cellular uptake in HCT116 cells compared to MNP-DMSA. However, MNP-DMSA-EPS were particularly efficient towards the neural stem/progenitor cell line ReNcell VM, for which a better iron dose-dependent MRI contrast enhancement was obtained at low iron concentrations and short incubation times. A combination of synthetic and biological coating materials was also explored in this project, to design a dynamic tumortargeting nanoprobe activated by the acidic pH of tumors. The pH-dependent affinity pair neutravidin/iminobiotin, was combined in a multilayer architecture with the synthetic polymers poy-L-lysine and poly(ethylene glycol) and yielded an efficient MRI nanoprobe with ability to distinguish cells cultured in acidic pH conditions form cells cultured in physiological pH conditions.