O reconhecimento de si no cyborg: Uma análise cinematográfica das implicações sociais do surgimento do pós-humano

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Comunicação

The tight grip of a debt based global economy: A study on banking regulation and the implementation of the Basel II Accord in Portugal

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Estudo de viabilidade da valorização de resíduos da cultura do arroz por co-pirólise e co-gasificação para a produção de energia renovável

Anualmente, milhares de toneladas de resíduos agrícolas são gerados no mundo, sendo a cultura do arroz uma das que mais contribui para a sua produção, especialmente com casca e palha de arroz, além dos plásticos gerados nas etapas de colheita, transporte e transformação do produto. Tradicionalmente estes resíduos são descartados ou aproveitados através de vias pouco eficientes, com consequências negativas para o ambiente. Múltiplas tecnologias têm sido estudadas e desenvolvidas para assim transformar estes resíduos em produtos de interesse: (i) gasificação, (ii) combustão e (iii) pirólise. Na presente dissertação foi avaliada a viabilidade da construção duma central de valorização de resíduos da cultura de arroz, em Portugal, através das tecnologias de co-gasificação e co-pirólise. Considerou-se que o gás de síntese, gerado na co-gasificação, é utilizado para produzir energia elétrica, e que o bio-óleo, gerado na co-pirólise, é utilizado para produzir energia elétrica ou para ser vendido a uma refinaria. A avaliação foi realizada com base no capital total de investimento, nos custos de operação e na renda gerada pela venda (i) de energia elétrica ou (ii) do bio-óleo. Com os indicadores económicos analisados, conclui-se que em Portugal nenhuma das duas tecnologias é viável, principalmente devido (i) às reduzidas quantidades de resíduos originados pela cultura de arroz neste país e (ii) aos elevados custos de transporte da matéria-prima. Caso fosse feito o aproveitamento da quantidade total de plásticos provenientes do fluxo agrícola português (4 782 t.ano-1), a construção duma central de co-pirólise seria rentável, obtendo-se uma taxa interna de rentabilidade de 69% para a venda de energia elétrica e 23,5% para venda de bio-óleo.

Rely-guarantee protocols for safe interference over shared memory

Mutable state can be useful in certain algorithms, to structure programs, or for efficiency purposes. However, when shared mutable state is used in non-local or nonobvious ways, the interactions that can occur via aliases to that shared memory can be a source of program errors. Undisciplined uses of shared state may unsafely interfere with local reasoning as other aliases may interleave their changes to the shared state in unexpected ways. We propose a novel technique, rely-guarantee protocols, that structures the interactions between aliases and ensures that only safe interference is possible. We present a linear type system outfitted with our novel sharing mechanism that enables controlled interference over shared mutable resources. Each alias is assigned separate, local roles encoded in a protocol abstraction that constrains how an alias can legally use that shared state. By following the spirit of rely-guarantee reasoning, our rely-guarantee protocols ensure that only safe interference can occur but still allow many interesting uses of shared state, such as going beyond invariant and monotonic usages. This thesis describes the three core mechanisms that enable our type-based technique to work: 1) we show how a protocol models an alias’s perspective on how the shared state evolves and constrains that alias’s interactions with the shared state; 2) we show how protocols can be used while enforcing the agreed interference contract; and finally, 3) we show how to check that all local protocols to some shared state can be safely composed to ensure globally safe interference over that shared memory. The interference caused by shared state is rooted at how the uses of di↵erent aliases to that state may be interleaved (perhaps even in non-deterministic ways) at run-time. Therefore, our technique is mostly agnostic as to whether this interference was the result of alias interleaving caused by sequential or concurrent semantics. We show implementations of our technique in both settings, and highlight their di↵erences. Because sharing is “first-class” (and not tied to a module), we show a polymorphic procedure that enables abstract compositions of protocols. Thus, protocols can be specialized or extended without requiring specific knowledge of the interference produce by other protocols to that state. We show that protocol composition can ensure safety even when considering abstracted protocols. We show that this core composition mechanism is sound, decidable (without the need for manual intervention), and provide an algorithm implementation.

Bias in returns to tenure when firm wages and employment comove: A quantitative assessment and solution

It is well known that, unless worker-firm match quality is controlled for, returns to firm tenure (RTT) estimated directly via reduced form wage (Mincer) equations will be biased. In this paper we show that even if match quality is properly controlled for there is a further pervasive source of bias, namely the co-movement of firm employment and firm wages. In a simple mechanical model where human capital is absent and separation is exogenous we show that positively covarying shocks (either aggregate or firm level) to firms employment and wages cause downward bias in OLS regression estimates of RTT. We show that the long established procedures for dealing with "traditional" RTT bias do not circumvent the additional problem we have identified. We argue that if a reduced form estimation of RTT is undertaken, firm-year fixed effects must be added in order to eliminate this bias. Estimates from two large panel datasets from Portugal and Germany show that the bias is empirically important. Adding firm-year fixed effects to the regression increases estimates of RTT in the two respective countries by between 3.5% and 4.5% of wages at 20 years of tenure over 80% (50%) of the estimated RTT level itself. The results extend to tenure correlates used in macroeconomics such as the minimum unemployment rate since joining the firm. Adding firm-year fixed effects changes estimates of these effects also.