The impact of national and international observers in democratic elections: A randomized control trial from the Mozambican elections of 2009

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Relationship between national culture, democracy and environmental performance: A panel data analysis

This paper demonstrates the significance of culture in examining the relationshipbetween democratic capital and environmental performance.The aim is to examine the relationship among scores on the Environmental Performance Index and the two dimensions of cross cultural variation suggested by Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel. Significantional interrelationships among democracy, cultural and environmental sustaintability measures could be found, following the regression results. Firstly, higher levels of democratic capital stock are associated with better environmental performance. Secondly importance to distinguish between cultural groups could be confirmed.

Democratic dialogue and collective learning in the context of self-managed teams

This paper provides a longitudinal, empirical view of the multifaceted and reciprocal processes of organizational learning in a context of self-managed teams. Organizational learning is seen as a social construction between people and actions in a work setting. The notion of learning as situated (Brown & Duguid 1989, Lave& Wenger 1991, Gherardi & al. 1998, Easterby-Smith & Araujo 1999, Abma 2003) opens up the possibility for placing the focus of research on learning in the community rather than in individual learning processes. Further, in studying processes in their social context, we cannot avoid taking power relations into consideration (Contu & Willmott 2003). The study is based on an action research with a methodology close to the ‘democratic dialogue’ presented by Gustavsen (2001). This gives a ground for research into how the learning discourse developed in the case study organization over a period of 5 years, during which time the company abandoned a middle management level of hierarchy and the teams had to figure out how to work as self-managed units. This paper discusses the (re)construction of power relations and its role in organizational learning. Power relations are discussed both in vertical and horizontal work relations. A special emphasis is placed on the dialectic between managerial aims and the space for reflection on the side of employees. I argue that learning is crucial in the search for the limits for empowerment and that these limits are negotiated both in actions and speech. This study unfolds a purpose-oriented learning process, constructing an open dialogue, and describes a favourable context for creative, knowledge building communities.

Wetland Habitat Studies using various Classification Techniques on Multi-Spectral Landsat Imagery: Case study: Tram chim National Park, Dong Thap Vietnam

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies

Human and climatic change impact modelling on the habitat suitability for the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) – Case study: The proposed Mount Cameroon National Park

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies

The contribution of multitemporal information from multispectral satellite images for automatic land cover classification at the national scale

Thesis submitted to the Instituto Superior de Estatística e Gestão de Informação da Universidade Nova de Lisboa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Information Management – Geographic Information Systems

An Ethos Theory of Party Positions on European Integration: Poland and Beyond

Since 1989, five parliamentary elections have been the stage for the foundation and demise of political parties aspiring to govern the new democratic Polish state. The demise of the AWS before the 2001 elections after ten years of attempts to create a centre-right core party resulted in a new splintering of the right-wing, and the centre-right became again devoid of a pivotal formation. While Eurosceptic parties in average gain 8 percent of the vote, in the 2001 Polish parliamentary elections Eurosceptic parties gained around 20 percent of the vote. In Poland right-wing parties show an unusual propensity for Euroscepticism. The persistence and increased importance of nationalism in Poland, which has prevented the development of a strong Christian democratic party, effectively explains the levels of Euroscepticism on the right. After the autumn 2005 parliamentary elections the national conservative party, Law and Justice, formed a governing coalition with the national Catholic League of Polish Families, creating one of the first Eurosceptic governments. Although this work does not intend to provide a theorisation of party systems development, it shows that the context of European integration fostered nationalists’ divisiveness of, and provoked the splitting of the right the unusual propensity of parties for Euroscepticism makes Poland a paradigmatic case of the kind of conflicts over European integration emerging in Central and Eastern European party systems.

The making of saudade. National identity and ethnic psychology in Portugal

Roots and rituals.The construction of ethnic identities, Ton Dekker, John Helsloot Carla Wijers editors, p. 267-268; Selected papers of the 6TH SIEF conference on 'Roots & rituals', Amsterdam 20-25 April 1998.

Portuguese Red Cross - Conde d´Óbidos Palace National Headquarters

Ano VI; nº 2 - 2008 - p.103-106

Welcome to the golden land: sexual and gender-based violence against women refugees from Burma

European Master’s Degree in Human Rights and Democratisation Academic Year 2005/2006

Constructing the National Canon in Ireland and Macedonia: The Function of Folklore in the Plays The Countess Cathleen and The Land of Heart’s Desire by William Butler Yeats, and Proud Flesh and The Black Hole by Goran Stefanovski and Their Role in Strengthening National Identity

Erasmus Mundus Masters “Crossways in European Humanities” June 2011

Analysis of the pathway of developing a national mental health plan for Suriname

ABSTRACT: The aim of this analysis was to analyze and describe the steps that have been taken in the development of the mental health policy in Suriname after the WHO AIMS. The objectives are: 1.To review the steps to be taken in developing a mental health policy and plan for a country 2.To gather information and data concerning mental health policy and plan development in Suriname 3.To draw conclusion from the experience gained that can be applied to other countries. In general, the information that was gathered from the four countries Guyana, Barbados, Trinidad & Tobago and Suriname, was compared with the WHO steps for developing a mental health policy and plan. Were these steps taken into consideration, when developing their mental health policy and plan? If not, what were the reasons why it did not happen? The checklist for evaluating a mental health plan was used in Suriname. This checklist assisted to see if the results of the recommendations given by the WHO AIMS to develop a effective and balanced mental health plan were taken into consideration. The mayor findings of the analysis are that Suriname as well as Guyana used the steps in developing their mental health policy and plan. Barbados and Trinidad & Tobago did not develop a mental health policy and plan. Suriname and Guyana have a mental health coordinating body at the Ministry of Health. Trinidad & Tobago as well as Barbados have a mental health focal person at the Ministry of Health of the respective countries. It can be concluded that successfully improving of health systems and services for mental health is combining theoretical concepts, expert knowledge and cooperation of many stakeholders. The appointment of a mental health coordinating unit at the Ministry of Health is crucial for the development of mental health in a country. Furthermore, mental health is everyone’s business and responsibility. Implementing the steps to be taken when developing a mental health policy and plan as recommended by WHO may be a slow process requiring the mobilization of political will. That’s why it is crucial that persons responsible for this process work close with all stakeholders in relevant sectors, taking their needs into consideration and try to translate that in clear objectives. It is common knowledge that improving the quality of mental health must be accompanied by the availability of financial and human resources. Finally, a mental health policy and plan should be one document tackling all aspects of mental health of a community.

An Atlas for the future National Park: Las Cumbres de la Sierra de Guadarrama

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.

Web-assisted tobacco intervention in Portuguese : intentions to make behavioural changes and behavioural changes

ABSTRACT - The problem of how to support “intentions to make behavioural changes” (IBC) and “behaviour changes” (BC) in smoking cessation when there is a scarcity of resources is a pressing issue in public health terms. The present research focuses on the use of information and communications technologies and their role in smoking cessation. It is developed in Portugal after the ratification of WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (on 8 November 2005). The prevalence of smokers over fifteen years of age within the population stood at 20.9% (30.9% for men and 11.8% for women). While the strategy of helping people to quit smoking has been emphasised at National Health Service (NHS) level, the uptake of cessation assistance has exceeded the capacity of the service. This induced the search of new theoretical and practical venues to offer alternative options to people willing to stop smoking. Among these, the National Health Plan (NHP) of Portugal (2004-2010), identifies the use of information technologies in smoking cessation. eHealth and the importance of health literacy as a means of empowering people to make behavioural changes is recurrently considered an option worth investigating. The overall objective of this research is to understand, in the Portuguese context, the use of the Internet to help people to stop smoking. Research questions consider factors that may contribute to “intentions to make behavioural changes” (IBC) and “behavioural changes” (BC) while using a Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP). Also consideration is given to the trade-off on the use of the Web as a tool for smoking cessation: can it reach a vast number of people for a small cost (efficiency) demonstrating to work in the domain of smoking cessation (efficacy)”? In addition to the introduction, there is a second chapter in which the use of tobacco is discussed as a public health menace. The health gains achieved by stopping smoking and the means of quitting are also examined, as is the use of the Internet in smoking cessation. Then, several research issues are introduced. These include background theory and the theoretical framework for the Sense of Coherence. The research model is also discussed. A presentation of the methods, materials and of the Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP) follows. In chapter four the results of the use of the Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP) are presented. This study is divided into two sections. The first describes results related to quality control in relation to the Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP) and gives an overview of its users. Of these, 3,150 answered initial eligibility questions. In the end, 1,463 met all eligibility requirements, completed intake, decided on a day to quit smoking (Dday) and declared their “intentions to make behavioural changes” (IBC) while a second targeted group of 650 did not decide on a Dday. With two quit attempts made before joining the platform, most of the participants had experienced past failures while wanting to stop. The smoking rate averaged 21 cigarettes per day. With a mean age of 35, of the participants 55% were males. Among several other considerations, gender and the Sense of Coherence (SOC) influenced the success of participants in their IBC and endeavour to set quit dates. The results of comparing males and females showed that, for current smokers, establishing a Dday was related to gender differences, not favouring males (OR=0.76, p<0.005). Belonging to higher Socio-economic strata (SES) was associated with the intention to consider IBC (when compared to lower SES condition) (OR=1.57, p<0.001) and higher number of school years (OR=0.70, p<0.005) favoured the decision to smoking cessation. Those who demonstrated higher confidence in their likelihood of success in stopping in the shortest time had a higher rate of setting a Dday (OR=0.51, p<0.001). There were differences between groups in IBC reflecting the high and low levels of the SOC score (OR=1.43, p=0.006), as those who considered setting a Dday had higher levels of SOC. After adjusting for all variables, stages of readiness to change and SOC were kept in the model. This is the first Arm of this research where the focus is a discussion of the system’s implications for the participants’ “intentions to make behavioural changes” (IBC). Moreover, a second section of this study (second Arm) offers input collected from 77 in-depth interviews with the Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP) users. Here, “Behaviour Change” (BC) and the usability of the platform are explored a year after IBC was declared. A percentage of 32.9% of self-reported, 12-month quitters in continuous abstinence from smoking from Dday to the 12-month follow- up point of the use of the Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP) has been assessed. Comparing the Sense of Coherence (SOC) scores of participants by their respective means, according to the two groups, there was a significant difference in these scores of non smokers (BC) (M=144,66, SD=22,52) and Sense of Coherence (SOC) of smokers (noBC) (M=131,51, SD=21,43) p=0.014. This WATIP strategy and its contents benefit from the strengthening of the smoker’s sense of coherence (SOC), so that the person’s progress towards a life without tobacco may be experienced as comprehensible, manageable and meaningful. In this sample the sense of coherence (SOC) effect is moderate although it is associated with the day to quit smoking (Dday). Some of the limitations of this research have to do with self-selection bias, sample size (power) and self-reporting (no biochemical validation). The enrolment of participants was therefore not representative of the smoking population. It is not possible to verify the Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP) evaluation of external validity; consequently, the results obtained cannot be applied generalized. No participation bias is provided. Another limitation of this study is the associated limitations of interviews. Interviewees’ perception that fabricating answers could benefit them more than telling the simple truth in response to questions is a risk that is not evaluated (with no external validation like measuring participants’ carbon monoxide levels). What emerges in this analysis is the relevance of the process that leads to the establishment of the quit day (Dday) to stop using tobacco. In addition, technological issues, when tailoring is the focus, are key elements for scrutiny. The high number of dropouts of users of the web platform mandates future research that should concentrate on the matters of the user-centred design of portals. The focus on gains in health through patient-centred care needs more research, so that technology usability be considered within the context of best practices in smoking cessation.

Aconselhamento médico na prevenção da doença e promoção da saúde : análise a propósito do consumo de tabaco

RESUMO - O consumo de tabaco foi responsável por 100 milhões de mortes no século XX. Apesar dos grandes avanços alcançados no controlo deste problema a nível mundial, sob os auspícios da OMS, no contexto da Convenção-Quadro para o Controlo do Tabaco da OMS, se não forem adoptadas medidas consistentes e efectivas de saúde pública, a morbi-mortalidade que lhe está associada continuará a aumentar durante o presente século. A promoção da cessação tabágica constitui a estratégia populacional que permitirá obter ganhos em saúde a mais curto prazo. Embora a larga maioria dos fumadores faça, ao longo da vida, várias tentativas para parar de fumar sem apoio, apenas uma pequena minoria consegue manter-se abstinente a longo prazo. Os médicos de Medicina Geral e Familiar são, de entre todos os profissionais de saúde, os que podem intervir de modo mais consistente e efectivo neste âmbito e que melhores resultados obtêm na cessação tabágica dos pacientes fumadores, dado o vínculo terapêutico e a interacção frequente e continuada que com eles estabelecem ao longo do seu ciclo de vida. O aconselhamento breve, tendo por base a adopção de um estilo de comunicação motivacional centrado no paciente, adaptado aos estádios de mudança comportamental, tem-se revelado efectivo no apoio à mudança de comportamentos relacionados com a saúde e à resolução da ambivalência que caracteriza este processo. A revisão de literatura evidenciou o facto de os médicos nem sempre intervirem nas áreas preventivas e de promoção da saúde, em particular na área da cessação tabágica, com o investimento e a continuidade desejáveis. Por outro lado, muitos pacientes fumadores referem nunca ter sido aconselhados pelo seu médico a deixar de fumar.. Não são conhecidos estudos de âmbito nacional que permitam conhecer esta realidade, bem como os factores associados às melhores práticas de intervenção ou as barreiras sentidas pelos médicos de MGF à actuação nesta área. O presente trabalho teve como objectivos: (i) avaliar a hipótese de que os médicos que disseram adoptar o método clínico centrado no paciente teriam atitudes mais favoráveis relativamente à cessação tabágica e uma maior probabilidade de aconselhar os seus pacientes a parar de fumar; (ii) estudar a relação entre as atitudes, a percepção de auto-eficácia, a expectativa de efectividade e as práticas de aconselhamento sobre cessação tabágica, auto-referidas pelos médicos; (iii) Identificar as variáveis preditivas da adopção de intervenções breves de aconselhamento adaptadas ao estádio de mudança comportamental dos pacientes fumadores; (iv) identificar as barreiras e os incentivos à adopção de boas práticas de aconselhamento nesta área. A população de estudo foi constituída pelo total de médicos de medicina geral e familiar inscritos na Associação Portuguesa de Médicos de Clínica Geral, residentes em Portugal. Para recolha de informação, foi utilizado um questionário de resposta anónima, de autopreenchimento, aplicado por via postal a 2942 médicos, em duas séries de envio. O questionário integrou perguntas fechadas, semifechadas, escalas de tipo Likert e escalas de tipo visual analógico. Para avaliação da adopção do método clínico centrado no paciente, foi usada a Patient Practitioner Orientation Scale (PPOS). O tratamento estatístico dos dados foi efectuado com o Programa PASW Statistics (ex-SPSS), versão 18. Foram utilizados: o índice de α de Cronbach, diversos testes não paramétricos e a análise de regressão logística binária. Foi obtida uma taxa de resposta de 22,4%. Foram analisadas 639 respostas (67,4% de mulheres e 32,6% de homens). Referiram ser fumadores 23% dos homens e 14% das mulheres. Foi identificada uma grande carência formativa em cessação tabágica, tendo apenas 4% dos médicos afirmado não necessitar de formação nesta área. Responderam necessitar de formação em entrevista motivacional 66%, em prevenção da recaída 59%, de treino numa consulta de apoio intensivo 55%, em intervenção breve 54% e em terapêutica farmacológica 55%. Cerca de 92% dos respondentes consideraram que o aconselhamento para a cessação tabágica é uma tarefa que faz parte das suas atribuições, mas apenas 76% concordaram totalmente com a realização de uma abordagem oportunística deste assunto em todos os contactos com os seus pacientes. Como prática mais frequente, perante um paciente em preparação para parar, 85% dos médicos disseram tomar a iniciativa de aconselhar, 79% avaliar a motivação, 67% avaliar o grau de dependência, 60% marcar o “dia D” e 50% propor terapêutica farmacológica. Apenas 21% assumiram realizar com frequência uma intervenção breve com pacientes em preparação (5 Ás); 13% uma intervenção motivacional com pacientes não motivados para mudar (5 Rs) e 20% uma intervenção segundo os princípios da entrevista motivacional, relativamente a pacientes ambivalentes em relação à mudança. A análise multivariada de regressão logística permitiu concluir que as variáveis com maior influência na decisão de aconselhar os pacientes sobre cessação tabágica foram a percepção de auto-eficácia, o nível de atitudes negativas, a adopção habitual do Programa-tipo de cessação tabágica da DGS, a posse de formação específica nesta área e a não identificação de barreiras ao aconselhamento, em particular organizacionais ou ligadas ao processo de comunicação na consulta. Embora se tenha confirmado a existência de associação entre a adopção do método clínico centrado no paciente e as atitudes face à cessação tabágica, não foi possível confirmar plenamente a associação entre a adopção deste método e as práticas autoreferidas de aconselhamento. Os médicos que manifestaram um nível baixo ou moderado de atitudes negativas, uma percepção elevada de auto-eficácia, que nunca fumaram, que referiram adoptar o Programa-tipo de cessação tabágica e que não identificaram barreiras organizacionais apresentaram uma maior probabilidade de realizar uma intervenção breve (“5 Ás”) de aconselhamento de pacientes fumadores em preparação para parar de fumar. Nunca ter fumado apresentou-se associado a uma probabilidade de realizar uma intervenção breve (“5 Ás”) com frequência, superior à verificada entre os médicos que referiram ser fumadores (Odds-ratio ajustado = 2,6; IC a 95%: 1,1; 5,7). Os médicos com o nível de auto-eficácia no aconselhamento mais elevado apresentaram uma probabilidade superior à encontrada entre os médicos com o menor nível de auto-eficácia de realizar com frequência uma intervenção breve de aconselhamento, integrando as cinco vertentes dos “5 Ás” (Odds ratio ajustado = 2,6; IC a 95%: 1,3; 5,3); de realizar uma intervenção motivacional breve com fumadores renitentes a parar de fumar (Odds ratio ajustado = 3,1; IC a 95%: 1,4; 6,5) ou de realizar com frequência uma intervenção motivacional com pacientes em estádio de ambivalência (Odds ratio = 8,8; IC a 95%: 3,8; 19,9). A falta de tempo, a falta de formação específica e a falta de equipa de apoio foram as barreiras ao aconselhamento mais citadas. Como factores facilitadores de um maior investimento nesta área, cerca de 60% dos médicos referiram a realização de um estágio prático de formação; 57% a possibilidade de dispor do apoio de outros profissionais; cerca de metade a melhoria da sua formação teórica. Cerca de 25% dos médicos investiria mais em cessação tabágica se dispusesse de um incentivo financeiro e 20% se os pacientes demonstrassem maior interesse em discutir o assunto ou existisse uma maior valorização desta área por parte dos colegas e dos órgãos de gestão. As limitações de representatividade da amostra, decorrentes da taxa de resposta obtida, impõem reservas à possibilidade de extrapolação destes resultados para a população de estudo, sendo de admitir que os respondentes possam corresponder aos médicos mais interessados por este tema e que optam por não fumar. Outra importante limitação advém do facto de não ter sido estudada a vertente relativa aos pacientes, no que se refere às suas atitudes, percepções e expectativas quanto à actuação do médico neste campo. Pesem embora estas limitações, os resultados obtidos revelaram uma grande perda de oportunidades de prevenção da doença e de promoção da saúde. Parece ter ficado demonstrada a importante influência que as atitudes, em especial as negativas, e as percepções, em particular a percepção de auto-eficácia, podem exercer sobre as práticas de aconselhamento auto-referidas. Todavia, será necessário aprofundar os resultados agora encontrados com estudos de natureza qualitativa, que permitam compreender melhor, por um lado, as percepções, expectativas e necessidades dos pacientes, por outro, as estratégias de comunicação que deverão ser adoptadas pelo médico, atendendo à complexidade do problema e ao tempo disponível na consulta, tendo em vista aumentar a literacia dos pacientes para uma melhor autogestão da sua saúde. Parece ter ficado igualmente patente a grande carência formativa neste domínio. A adopção do modelo biomédico como paradigma da formação médica pré e pós-graduada, proposto, há precisamente cem anos, por Flexner, tem contribuído para a desvalorização das componentes psicoemocionais e sociais dos fenómenos de saúde e de doença, assim como para criar clivagens entre cuidados curativos e preventivos e entre medicina geral e familiar e saúde pública. Porém, o actual padrão de saúde/doença próprio das sociedades desenvolvidas, caracterizado por “pandemias” de doenças crónicas e incapacitantes, determinadas por factores de natureza sociocultural e comportamental, irá obrigar certamente à revisão daquele paradigma e à necessidade de se (re)adoptarem os grandes princípios Hipocráticos de compreensão dos processos de saúde/doença e do papel da medicina.