Mapas por microscopia de Raman caso de estudo: cerâmicas arqueológicas portuguesas da idade do ferro provenientes do Castro de Azougada

Dissertação de Mestrado em Conservação e Restauro área de Especialização de Cerâmica e Vidro

Combining open and closed world reasoning for the semantic web

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Informática

Reactive hybrid knowledge bases

Hybrid knowledge bases are knowledge bases that combine ontologies with non-monotonic rules, allowing to join the best of both open world ontologies and close world rules. Ontologies shape a good mechanism to share knowledge on theWeb that can be understood by both humans and machines, on the other hand rules can be used, e.g., to encode legal laws or to do a mapping between sources of information. Taking into account the dynamics present today on the Web, it is important for these hybrid knowledge bases to capture all these dynamics and thus adapt themselves. To achieve that, it is necessary to create mechanisms capable of monitoring the information flow present on theWeb. Up to today, there are no such mechanisms that allow for monitoring events and performing modifications of hybrid knowledge bases autonomously. The goal of this thesis is then to create a system that combine these hybrid knowledge bases with reactive rules, aiming to monitor events and perform actions over a knowledge base. To achieve this goal, a reactive system for the SemanticWeb is be developed in a logic-programming based approach accompanied with a language for heterogeneous rule base evolution having as its basis RIF Production Rule Dialect, which is a standard for exchanging rules over theWeb.

Efficient paraconsistent reasoning with rules and ontologies for the semantic web

Ontologies formalized by means of Description Logics (DLs) and rules in the form of Logic Programs (LPs) are two prominent formalisms in the field of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning. While DLs adhere to the OpenWorld Assumption and are suited for taxonomic reasoning, LPs implement reasoning under the Closed World Assumption, so that default knowledge can be expressed. However, for many applications it is useful to have a means that allows reasoning over an open domain and expressing rules with exceptions at the same time. Hybrid MKNF knowledge bases make such a means available by formalizing DLs and LPs in a common logic, the Logic of Minimal Knowledge and Negation as Failure (MKNF). Since rules and ontologies are used in open environments such as the Semantic Web, inconsistencies cannot always be avoided. This poses a problem due to the Principle of Explosion, which holds in classical logics. Paraconsistent Logics offer a solution to this issue by assigning meaningful models even to contradictory sets of formulas. Consequently, paraconsistent semantics for DLs and LPs have been investigated intensively. Our goal is to apply the paraconsistent approach to the combination of DLs and LPs in hybrid MKNF knowledge bases. In this thesis, a new six-valued semantics for hybrid MKNF knowledge bases is introduced, extending the three-valued approach by Knorr et al., which is based on the wellfounded semantics for logic programs. Additionally, a procedural way of computing paraconsistent well-founded models for hybrid MKNF knowledge bases by means of an alternating fixpoint construction is presented and it is proven that the algorithm is sound and complete w.r.t. the model-theoretic characterization of the semantics. Moreover, it is shown that the new semantics is faithful w.r.t. well-studied paraconsistent semantics for DLs and LPs, respectively, and maintains the efficiency of the approach it extends.

Estudo da dessalinização de objetos arqueológicos de liga ferrosa por imersão em sulfito alcalino

A dessalinização é de extrema importância para a estabilização de objetos arqueológicos ferrosos contaminados por sais, principalmente quando estes envolvem cloretos, dado desencadearem um significativo aumento na sua velocidade da corrosão. Este processo de degradação pode resultar em destacamentos importantes no objeto (com perda de informação sobre a sua superfície) ou mesmo numa perda total do seu núcleo metálico. De entre os processos de dessalinização, o método do sulfito alcalino é dos mais praticados, exatamente por ser eficaz na remoção de cloretos, de baixo custo de implementação e de relativa fácil aplicação, ao contrário de outros métodos também igualmente eficazes. Até ao momento não existe no laboratório de metais do Departamento de Conservação e Restauro da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia um processo eficaz de dessalinização para objetos arqueológicos à base de ferro contaminados com cloretos, estando este tipo de intervenção também ausente em muitos laboratórios de conservação que lidam com este tipo de materiais. Assim, através de um estudo e experimentação do método do sulfito alcalino, pretendeu-se adquirir alguma prática neste processo de dessalinização, implementá-lo no laboratório (construção de protótipo(s)) a custos acessíveis e, paralelemente, testar a sua eficácia.