Les Hipparion du Portugal

This paper is concerned with Hipparion from Ribatejo, Portugal, and with the stratigraphy of the Neogene series of this region. The first two chapters are an introduction and an historical review. Paleontological study includes both a revision of the specimens accounted by ROMAN (1907) and the description of new material. Two forms were recognized, an early H. cf. primigenium, lower Vallesian in age, NM 9 mammal unit (from Archino, Vila Nova da Rainha, Aveiras de Cima), and a more advanced H. primigenium cf. melendezi. Upper Vallesian, NM 10 (possibly lowermost Turolian, NM 11) (at Azambujeira and Marmeleira). A synthesis of Middle and Upper Miocene from Ribatejo is also presented. Levels with H. p. cf. melendezi are somewhat older than «Upper Pontian», as it was previously acknowledged, they attain at the best the lowermost Turolian (approximately corresponding to «Upper Pontian»). Even higher levels may be Turolian in age, though they are not yet accurately dated. Almost all the localities are shown (tableau 11) according to its stratigraphical position; age, correspondance to mammal units from NM 5 to NM 10 (and may be also from NM 11 to NM 12), and correlation with marine formations near Lisbon are also taken in account. The stratigraphical position of localities such as Póvoa de Santarém, Quinta do Marmelal, Pero Filho, Azambujeira (lower levels), and Fonte do Pinheiro was revised; the stratigraphical position of Marmeleira was ascertained. The localities so far known correspond to NM 5 (?), NM 6, NM 8, NM 9, NM 10 and possibly to NM II and NM 12. A new interpretation (M. T. ANTUNES) of localities with oysters from Ribatejo allows a better correlation with vertebrate localities. Relationships with Serravallian transgression seem well established. Only two localities, Vila Nova da Rainha and Foz do Alviela, may possibly be correlated to V-b division of Lisbon (Langhian) with «Hispanotherium fauna». All the other localities are younger than Serravallian oyster beds. Undirect correlation shows that NM 6 localities are somewhat younger than the apogee ef Serravallian transgression (corresponding approximately to Blow's N 11 to N 13 zones based on planctonic foraminifera).

Contribution à l’étude du nannoplacton du leg 12, «sites» 118-119 (Ocean Atlantique)

This paper reports a Scanning Electron Microscopy study of some samples from the leg 12, Deep Sea Drilling Project, sites 118 and 119. The chronostratigraphic distribution, the frequency of the species identified and the datation of the samples studied are presented. In accordance with the calcareous nannofossil zonation proposed by E. MARTINI (1971) the samples from site 118 are ascribed to the Upper Miocene while the samples from site 119 are located between the Lower (NN1) and the Upper Miocene (NN10).

Les Hipparion du Portugal

This paper is concerned with Hipparion from Ribatejo, Portugal, and with the stratigraphy of the Neogene series of this region. The first two chapters are an introduction and an historical review. Paleontological study includes both a revision of the specimens accounted by ROMAN (1907) and the description of new material. Two forms were recognized, an early H. cf. primigenium, lower Vallesian in age, NM 9 mammal unit (from Archino, Vila Nova da Rainha, Aveiras de Cima), and a more advanced H. primigenium cf. melendezi. Upper Vallesian, NM 10 (possibly lowermost Turolian, NM 11) (at Azambujeira and Marmeleira). A synthesis of Middle and Upper Miocene from Ribatejo is also presented. Levels with H. p. cf. melendezi are somewhat older than «Upper Pontian», as it was previously acknowledged, they attain at the best the lowermost Turolian (approximately corresponding to «Upper Pontian»). Even higher levels may be Turolian in age, though they are not yet accurately dated. Almost all the localities are shown (tableau 11) according to its stratigraphical position; age, correspondance to mammal units from NM 5 to NM 10 (and may be also from NM 11 to NM 12), and correlation with marine formations near Lisbon are also taken in account. The stratigraphical position of localities such as Póvoa de Santarém, Quinta do Marmelal, Pero Filho, Azambujeira (lower levels), and Fonte do Pinheiro was revised; the stratigraphical position of Marmeleira was ascertained. The localities so far known correspond to NM 5 (?), NM 6, NM 8, NM 9, NM 10 and possibly to NM II and NM 12. A new interpretation (M. T. ANTUNES) of localities with oysters from Ribatejo allows a better correlation with vertebrate localities. Relationships with Serravallian transgression seem well established. Only two localities, Vila Nova da Rainha and Foz do Alviela, may possibly be correlated to V-b division of Lisbon (Langhian) with «Hispanotherium fauna». All the other localities are younger than Serravallian oyster beds. Undirect correlation shows that NM 6 localities are somewhat younger than the apogee ef Serravallian transgression (corresponding approximately to Blow's N 11 to N 13 zones based on planctonic foraminifera).

As almas herdeiras : fundação de capelas fúnebres e afirmação da alma como sujeito de direito (Portugal, 1400-1521)

Nas disposições relativas à instituição de capelas fúnebres contidas na lei de 7 de Setembro de 1769, o Marquês de Pombal, pela boca do régio legislador, apresentava, como principal razão para as medidas tomadas, a necessidade de evitar uma catástrofe iminente: “se chegará ao caso de serem as almas do outro Mundo senhoras de todos os Predios destes Reinos” . Inserida num documento trespassado por uma impaciência flagrante contra a irracionalidade de um mundo que se procura iluminadamente organizar, a expressão situa-se na fronteira da ironia com a descrença. E, no entanto, por mais absurda que a sentisse, e exprimisse, o Marquês de Pombal sabia estar a referir-se a uma realidade bem real. As almas eram “senhoras”, isto é, proprietárias de pleno direito, de bens terrenos, vastas parcelas do reino do Senhor D. José... O legislador iluminado situava-se ainda no limiar de um mundo regido pela lógica que colocava, com toda a naturalidade, as almas dos mortos a par dos vivos, com eles comungando direitos e privilégios jurídicos. Ou seja, num sistema como o que ele procurava destruir, a instituição das capelas fúnebres tinha limpidamente aquela função. Por detrás de cada uma delas, estava um proprietário do Outro-Mundo, a que aquele instituto possibilitava continuar, neste mundo, a deter bens e direitos. Assim, ainda que formulado com ironia, o diagnóstico era certeiro, e apenas por via legislativa, ao nível supremo, era possível alterar, com a legalidade que se impunha, uma situação de iure. Sebastião José saberia ainda, com toda a probabilidade, que a sua lei era mais uma na longa colecção de actos régios que tinham tentado interferir nas duas esferas legais em que se moviam as capelas: as vinculações e as disposições pro anima. Desde o século XIII que os reis de Portugal, à semelhança dos outros soberanos europeus, legislavam sobre o tema. É certo, porém, que a legislação de Pombal marcou uma viragem decisiva: não se inseria já na aceitação do “planeta” sócio-legal onde as capelas tinham lugar natural, e onde ao legislador régio cabia apenas a função de evitar abusos – aceitando que a natureza do instituto envolvia uma outra esfera legislativa, a canónica, dotada de autoridade sobrenatural (o que não se discutia), e com a qual se construía uma convivência “caso a caso”.