Estudo Estratigráfico e Paleontológico do Jurássico do Algarve Ocidental

Algarve Province, Southern Portugal, corresponds in part to a meso-cenozoic basin running along the coast from Cabo S. Vicente to beyond Spanish border. Structurally it is a big monocline plunging southwards much deformed mainly by two East-West longitudinal flexures. Lithostratigraphical and chronostratigraphical studies dealt specially with Jurassic formations. This and the geological mapping of the post-Hercynian sedimentary formations allow us to define the following units: Triassic-Lower Liassic Arenitos de Silves (Silves sandstones sensu P. Choffat, pro parte) - At their base the Silves sandstones (0-150m) are represented mainly by cross-bedded red sandstones. This unit is Upper Triassic (Keuper) in age, on the evidence of some Brachiopoda. Complexo margo-carbonatado de Silves (Silves marl-limestone complex=Silves sandstones sensu P. Choffat, pro parte) (80-200m) overlies the preceding, it may be reported to the Upper Triassic-Hettangian. It consists of a thick pelite-marl-dolomite-limestone series with many intercalations of greenstones. Since no fossils were found it is not possible to conclude whether it is still Hettangian or if it does correspond, in the whole or in part, already to the Sinemurian. Liassic Dolomitos e calcários dolomíticos de Espiche (Espiche dolomite-rocks and dolomitic-limestones) - The usually massive and finely crystalline or saccharoidal dolomites and dolomitic-limestones are the toughest strata of the Algarve margin giving rise to several hills. Its thickness attains in certain points 60 metres at least. Based on geometry and on lithological similarities with the carbonated complex of the northern basin of Tagus river (Peniche, São Pedro de Muel, Quiaios), this formation can be accepted as Sinemurian in age. As it happens with the carbonated complex, here also the first dolomite beds are non-isochronal throughout the region; upper time-limit of the dolomitic facies is either Lower Carixian, Lower Toarcian or even Lower Dogger. The dolomitization is secondary but not much later than sedimentation. However, between Cabo S. Vicente-Vila do Bispo there is evidence of an even later secondary dolomitization related to the regional fault complex. Calcário dolomítico com nódulos de silex da praia de Belixe (Belixe beach dolomitic-limestone with silex nodules) (50-55m) - Ascribed to Lower or Middle Carixian on the basis of Platypleuroceras sp., Metaderoceras sp. nov. and M. gr. Venarense. Calcário cristalino compacto com Protogrammoceras, Fuciniceras e ? Argutarpites de Belixe (Belixe compact crystalline limestone with Protogrammoceras, Fuciniceras and ? Argutarpites) (30m) - Ascribed to Lower Domerian. Middle and Upper Domerian are indicated but by a single specimen of ? Argutarpites. Calcários margosos e margas com Dactylioceras semicelatum e Harpoceratídeos de Armação Nova (Armação Nova marly limestones and marls with D. semicelatum and Harpoceratidae) (25m) -Ascribed to Lower Toarcian. Middle and Upper Toarcian formations are not known in the Algarve. Dogger Calcários oolíticos, c. corálicos, c. pisolíticos, c. calciclásticos, c. dolomíticos e dolomitos de Almadena (Almadena oolitic-limestones, coral-reef-limestones, pisolite-limestones, limeclastic-limestones, dolomitic-limestones and dolomite-rocks) (more than 50 metres), with lagoonal facies. Ascribed to Aalenian-Bathonian-? Callovian. Margas acinzentadas e calcários detríticos com Zoophycos da praia de Mareta (Mareta beach greyish marls and detritical limestones with Zoophycos) (40m) - Pelagic transreef facies with Upper Bajocian and Bathonian ammonites. Calcários margosos e margas da praia de Mareta (Mareta beach pelagic marly-limestones and marls) (110m) - Ascribed to the Callovian on its ammonites. Malm Near Cabo S. Vicente and Sagres the first Upper Jurassic level consists of a yellowish-brown nodular, compact, locally phosphated and ferruginous, sometimes conglomeratic, marly limestone (0,35-1,50m) containing a rich macrofauna, which includes: 1) Callovian forms unknown at Lower Oxfordian; 2) Upper Callovian forms that still survived in Lower and Middle Oxfordian; 3) Lower Oxfordian forms (Mariae and Cordatum Zones); 4) Lower and Middle Oxfordian forms (Mariae to Plicatilis Zone); 5) Middle Oxfordian forms (plicatilis Zone), and some ones appearing in Middle Oxfordian. This condensed deposit is therefore dated from Middle Oxfordian (Plicatilis Zone). The other Upper Jurassic lithostratigraphical units were also mapped but their detailed study is not presented in this work. Correlations between lithostratigraphical and chronostratigraphical scales from P. Choffat, J. Pratsch, C. Palain and from the author are stated. Further correlations are attempted between zonc scales of Carixian-Lower Toarcian and Upper Bajocian-Middle Oxfordian of France, Spain (Asturias, Iberian and Betic Chains), Argel (Orania) and Portugal (northern Tagus basin and Algarve). The study of pyritous fossil assemblages common in Upper Bathonian-Lower Callovian marly levels of the praia da Mareta seems to suggest that these sediments were deposited in a bay or in an almost closed coastal re-entrance virtually without deep water circulation. Although such conditions may occur at any depth one may suppose that these ones actually correspond to an infralittoral neritic environment. The thaphocoenosis collected there are almost entirely composed of nektonic (ammonites, Belemnites) and planktonic (Bositra) faunas. The sedentary (crinoids, brachiopods) or free (sea-urchins, gastropods) epibenthonic forms are very scarce; endobenthonic forms are not known. The palaeontological study of all Nautiloids and Ammonoids of the Liassic and Dogger is presented (except Kosmoceratidae and Perisphinctaceae). Among the thirty one taxa dealt with, one is new (Metaderoceras sp. nov.) and the great majority of the others has been identified for the first time in Algarve. Some others have never been reported before in Portuguese formations. The evolution, during Jurassic times, of the sedimentary basins of the Portuguese plate margin is described. The absence of Cephalopods in the very extensive marly and dolomitic limestones, partly marine, suggests that, during Lower Liassic, palaeogeography underwent no great changes. Dolomitic-limestone with silex nodules from Cabo S. Vicente contain the first ammonites recorded at the base of the Middle Liassic. This facies, although very common in Tethys, is unknown north of the Tagus. The faunal assemblage has a mediterranean to submediterranean character. Comparisons between faunal assemblage" from Algarve with the ones known north of the Tagus show that communications between Boreal Europe and Tethys, virtually non-existent during Lower and Middle Carixian, became very easy during Lower Domerian. In earlier Pliensbachian times two distinct seas were adjacent to the Iberian plate. One, an epicontinental sea with a tethyan fauna, extended southwards from the Meseta margin. Another, was a boreal sea; during its transgressive episodes boreal faunas attained into the basin north of the Tagus. During Middle Carixian and Lower Domerian, owing to simultaneous transgressions, these two seas joined together allowing faunal exchanges along the epicontinental areas which limited the emerging hercynian chains belts. During Liassic, the Algarve belonged undoubtedly to the tethyan submediterranean province. The area north of the Tagus, on the contrary, was a complex realm where subboreal and tethyan affinities alternatively prevailed. In the Algarve the first Middle Jurassic deposits do frequently show lateral thickness reductions as well as unconformities contemporaneous with other generalized disturbances on the sedimentation processes in other parts of Europe. By this time, near Sagres, a barrier reef developed separating lagoonal or ante-reef facies from the transreef pelagic zone. The presence of tethyan fauna, the abundance of Phylloceratidae and the absence of boreal forms allow us to consider the Algarve basin as a submediterranean province. The presence of Callovian pelagic fossiliferous formations in the Loulé area shows that during Middle Jurassic the marl-limestone transreef sedimentation was not confined to the western Algarve. They would extend eastwards where they only can be seen in the core of some anticlines. This is due to the progressive sinking of the meso-cenozoic formations as we proceed towards the South of the Sagres-Algoz-Querença flexure. In the whole of the Peninsule, and as for the Middle Callovian, an important regression can be clearly recognized on the evidence of an erosion surface which strikes obliquely the Middle and Upper Callovian strata. The geographic boundaries of the different faunal provinces are not changed by the presence of many Kosmoceratidae in the phosphate nodules since they are but a minority in comparison with the tethyan forms. An abstract model can be constructed showing that in Western Europe the Kosmoceratidae may have migrated South and westwards through a channel of the sea that linked Paris basin to Poitou and Aquitaine. By migrating between the Iberian meseta and the Armorican massif this fauna reached northern Tagus basin at the beginning of Upper Callovian (Athleta Zone); this south and southwest bound migration would have proceeded, allowing such forms to reach Algarve basin only in latest Callovian times (Lamberti Zone). This migration means that during Middle Jurassic a widely spread North Atlantic sea would exist, flooding the western part of Portugal up to the Poitou.

Efeitos imediatos da técnica de mobilização com movimento aplicada na articulação tíbio-peroneal inferior na amplitude de dorsiflexão em indíviduos com história de entorse do tornozelo

RESUMO: A entorse do tornozelo é uma das lesões músculo-esqueléticas mais comuns. A limitação da amplitude de dorsiflexão tem sido demonstrada como uma das consequências desta lesão, bem como um dos factores contribuintes para a recorrência. Vários estudos têm demonstrado que o membro lesado de indivíduos com história de entorse, apresenta uma falha posicional anterior do peróneo. Um estudo realizado em cadáveres revelou que um deslizamento póstero-superior ao nível da articulação tibioperoneal inferior pode contribuir para aumentar a amplitude de dorsiflexão. Está descrita uma técnica de terapia manual que realiza o deslizamento póstero-superior do maléolo lateral associada ao movimento activo de flexão dorsal (MWM). No entanto, não existe, até à data, nenhum estudo que investigue a efectividade desta MWM em indivíduos com limitação da FD e história de entorse unilateral do tornozelo. Desenho de estudo: Ensaio clínico aleatorizado e controlado por placebo, duplamente cego. Objectivos: Avaliar os efeitos imediatos da MWM na articulação tibio-peroneal inferior na amplitude de flexão dorsal e no deslizamento posterior do astrágalo em indivíduos com história de entorse unilateral do tornozelo e limitação da flexão dorsal. O protocolo experimental foi aplicado uma única vez e os seus efeitos comparados com uma intervenção placebo. Metodologia: Uma amostra de 30 indivíduos com história de entorse unilateral e limitação da amplitude de flexão dorsal foi aleatoriamente distribuído por dois grupos: grupo MWM e grupo placebo. Foram avaliados o deslizamento posterior do astrágalo e a avaliação da amplitude de flexão dorsal em carga. As avaliações foram realizadas imediatamente antes e após a intervenção. Resultados: Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos na avaliação inicial (baseline). A realização da one-way ANCOVA revelou que, imediatamente após a intervenção, se verificou um aumento na amplitude de flexão dorsal no grupo MWM (aumento de 1.37 cm (DP, 0.97) significativamente superior ao grupo placebo (diminuição de 0.15cm (DP, 0.63) (P<.001). O deslizamento posterior do astrágalo aumentou 1.51º (DP, 1.77) no grupo MWM, no entanto este aumento não foi significativamente superior ao aumento de 0.76º (DP, 1.26) do grupo placebo (P=.113). Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que a MWM na articulação tibioperoneal inferior produziram um efeito significativo na amplitude de flexão dorsal embora o mesmo não se tenha verificado no deslizamento posterior do astrágalo. Estes resultados fornecem evidência preliminar para a efectividade da MWM como intervenção em indivíduos com história de entorse unilateral e limitação da amplitude de flexão dorsal.---------------ABSTRACT:Background: Ankle sprains are one of the most common musculo-skeletal injuries. Impaired dorsiflexion range of motion has been shown to be one of the consequences of this injury, as well as one of the contributing factors to recurrence. Several studies have shown the presence of an anterior positional fault of the fibula in injuried ankles. A cadaveric study revealed that a posterosuperior glide of the distal tibiofibular may contribute to improve dorsiflexion. There is a manual therapy technique which provides a posterosuperior glide of the lateral malleolus combined with dorsiflexion active movement (MWM). However, there was no study, until now, that investigated the effectiveness of this MWM in individuals with impaired dorsiflexion and history of unilateral ankle sprain. Design: Double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial. Objectives: To determine the immediate effects of a distal tibiofibular MWM in ankle dorsiflexion and talar posterior glide in patients with history of unilateral ankle sprain and limitation of dorsiflexion. The treatment technique was used as a single treatment against a placebo group. Methods: A sample of 30 subjects with a history of unilateral ankle sprain and limitation of dorsiflexion were randomized into two groups: distal tibiofibular MWM or a placebo group. The outcome measures used in this study were the posterior talar glide and weight-bearing (WB) ankle dorsiflexion range of motion. The measures were taken before and immediately after the intervention. Results: No significant differences were found in baseline measures between groups. A one-way ANCOVA revealed that, immediately after the intervention, there was an improvement in ankle dorsiflexion in the MWM group (increase of 1.37 cm (SD, 0.97) significantly superior to the placebo group (decrease of 0.15cm (SD, 0.63) (P<.001). Posterior talar glide increased by 1.51º (SD, 1.77) for the MWM group, which was more than 0.76º (SD, 1.25) for the placebo intervention although there wasn’t a significant difference between groups (P=.113). Conclusion: This investigation’s findings suggest that an inferior tibio-fibular MWM produced a significant effect on WB dorsiflexion range of motion and posterior talar glide. These results provide preliminary evidence for the efficacy of mobilisations with movement in the management of individuals with history of unilateral ankle sprain and limitation of dorsiflexion.

Development and validation of a risk model for prediction of hazardous alcohol consumption in general practice attendees : the PredictAL study

Background: Little is known about the risk of progression to hazardous alcohol use in people currently drinking at safe limits. We aimed to develop a prediction model (predictAL) for the development of hazardous drinking in safe drinkers. Methods: A prospective cohort study of adult general practice attendees in six European countries and Chile followed up over 6 months. We recruited 10,045 attendees between April 2003 to February 2005. 6193 European and 2462 Chilean attendees recorded AUDIT scores below 8 in men and 5 in women at recruitment and were used in modelling risk. 38 risk factors were measured to construct a risk model for the development of hazardous drinking using stepwise logistic regression. The model was corrected for over fitting and tested in an external population. The main outcome was hazardous drinking defined by an AUDIT score >= 8 in men and >= 5 in women. Results: 69.0% of attendees were recruited, of whom 89.5% participated again after six months. The risk factors in the final predictAL model were sex, age, country, baseline AUDIT score, panic syndrome and lifetime alcohol problem. The predictAL model's average c-index across all six European countries was 0.839 (95% CI 0.805, 0.873). The Hedge's g effect size for the difference in log odds of predicted probability between safe drinkers in Europe who subsequently developed hazardous alcohol use and those who did not was 1.38 (95% CI 1.25, 1.51). External validation of the algorithm in Chilean safe drinkers resulted in a c-index of 0.781 (95% CI 0.717, 0.846) and Hedge's g of 0.68 (95% CI 0.57, 0.78). Conclusions: The predictAL risk model for development of hazardous consumption in safe drinkers compares favourably with risk algorithms for disorders in other medical settings and can be a useful first step in prevention of alcohol misuse.

Punçoamento em lajes de betão com fibras

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil – Perfil de Estruturas

Desenvolvimento de fármacos: melhoria do desempenho de princípios farmacologicamente ativos por síntese supramolecular

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Bioorgânica

Ionic liquids as catalysts of lignocellulosic biomass processing

The present work is devoted to study the pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass, especially wheat straw, by the application of the acidic ionic liquid (IL) such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate. The ability of this IL to hydrolysis and conversion of biomass was scrutinised. The pre-treatment with hydrogen sulphate-based IL allowed to obtain a liquor rich in hemicellulosic sugars, furans and organic acids, and a solid fraction mainly constituted by cellulose and lignin. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the produced liquors were made by capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography. Pre-treatment conditions were set to produce xylose or furfural. Specific range of temperatures from 70 to 175 °C and residence times from 20.0 to 163.3 min were studied by fixing parameters such as biomass/IL ratio (10 % (w/w)) and water content (1.25 % (w/w)) in the pre-treatment process. Statistical modelling was applied to maximise the xylose and furfural concentrations. For the purpose of reaction condition comparison the severity factor for studied ionic liquid was proposed and applied in this work. Optimum conditions for xylose production were identified to be at 125 °C and 82.1 min, at which 16.7 % (w/w) xylose yield was attained. Furfural was preferably formed at higher pre-treatment temperatures and longer reaction time (161 °C and 104.5 min) reaching 30.7 % (w/w) maximum yield. The influence of water content on the optimum xylose formation was also studied. Pre-treatments with 5 and 10 % (w/w) water content were performed and an increase of 100 % and 140 % of xylose yield was observed, respectively, while the conversion into furfural maintained unchanged.

Filtragem de nuvens de pontos para geração de modelos digitais do terreno

As cartas topográficas são representações planas, generalizadas e reduzidas à escala, de zonas da superfície terrestre, contendo símbolos e informação textual para a descrição dos objectos. A forma mais comum de as produzir é por intermédio de fotografias aéreas, principalmente pela afinidade entre o conteúdo destas e aquilo que se convencionou representar na carta. O Instituto Geográfico do Exército (IGeoE) é uma entidade produtora de cartografia que provê, com informação geográfica, as Forças Armadas e a comunidade civil. A caracterização do relevo é parte da informação existente na carta, concretizada através das curvas de nível: linhas curvas que representam uma cota pré-definida (convencionado de 10 em 10 m nas cartas à escala 1/25 000), constante em toda a sua extensão. Estas acompanham as formas do terreno e indicam a altitude do nível do solo, independentemente de se cruzarem com outros objectos à superfície terrestre (como edifícios ou arvoredo). A informação do relevo é bastante completa, abrangendo a área de toda a carta. As curvas de nível são, por norma, restituídas, manualmente, por um operador numa estação fotogramétrica, numa tarefa compreensivelmente morosa. Uma das alternativas para a representação do relevo é por intermédio da correlação automática de fotografias aéreas, daí resultando uma nuvem de pontos cotados numa grelha regular, cada um com uma coordenada tridimensional. Alguns desses pontos contêm “ruído”, visto representarem não a cota ao nível do solo, mas a cota de objectos sobre a superfície terrestre. O processo de eliminação desse “ruído”, que permite corrigir a cota do topo do objecto para o solo, designa-se por filtragem. Há diversos processos de filtragem de nuvens de pontos, embora nenhum consiga obter resultados totalmente satisfatórios, apresentando mais ou menos dificuldades em algumas zonas de terreno específicas (zonas urbanizadas ou vegetação baixa, por exemplo). Um dos caminhos apontados para auxiliar a filtragem é a utilização de outros recursos que forneçam mais informação, para além da simples coordenada tridimensional do ponto a corrigir, bem como uma mistura de algoritmos, tentando conciliar os pontos fortes de cada uma destas abordagens. O presente trabalho desenvolveu uma metodologia automática para representar o relevo a partir de uma nuvem de pontos cotados, para ser integrada na cadeia de produção do IGeoE. A partir de uma nuvem de pontos primária, e utilizando como dados de entrada ortofotos e informação vectorial dos objectos da edição anterior e da edição de trabalho da carta (excepto relevo) da mesma região, efectua quatro filtragens: filtragem de edifícios, filtragem de áreas de arvoredo superiores a 150 m x 150 m, filtragem de áreas de arvoredo inferiores a 150 m x 150 m e árvores isoladas (envolvendo a detecção de árvores em ortofotos, ao nível do pixel, por algoritmo de aprendizagem automática), e filtragem por declives.

Efeito de um resultado falso positivo da leitura da mamografia na não participação no rastreio do cancro da mama : estudo de coorte histórico de um rastreio de base populacional da região de saúde do centro em Portugal

RESUMO - Introdução: O cancro da mama é uma das principais causas de mortalidade por doença oncológica. O rastreio contribui para o aumento da sobrevivência, mas apresenta riscos como a obtenção de um resultado falso positivo com efeitos controversos sobre a participação subsequente. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo de coorte histórico (2006-2012) de 170.835 mulheres com 45-67 anos, elegíveis para o programa de rastreio do cancro da mama da ARSC,IP. Calcularam-se as medidas de efeito de um falso positivo da leitura na não participação na volta consecutiva de rastreio do cancro da mama, e a associação entre o evento em estudo e factores sociodemográficos, relacionados com o rastreio e com a anamnese, através de análise de regressão de Poisson. Resultados: A incidência de não participação foi 12,13%. A exposição a falso positivo da leitura aumentou 8,01% o risco absoluto de não participação. O falso positivo da leitura da mamografia revelou-se um factor de risco para a não participação (RRa=1,17; IC 1,10-1,25). O efeito protector da existência de participações anteriores foi superior ao efeito dos factores de risco identificados. Identificaram-se outros factores de risco e de protecção. Discussão: De acordo com os factores de risco e de protecção identificados recomendaram-se alterações à operacionalização do programa de rastreio, a manutenção das estatégias adequadas e a realização de estudos futuros para avaliar o efeito de outros factores não incluídos neste estudo. A comunicação do risco associado a um resultado anormal da mamografia é importante para diminuir a ansiedade consequente ao rastreio, devendo ser oferecidas intervenções que promovam a participação no rastreio.

Using artificial neural networks to generate trading signals for crude oil, copper and gold futures

In this thesis, a feed-forward, back-propagating Artificial Neural Network using the gradient descent algorithm is developed to forecast the directional movement of daily returns for WTI, gold and copper futures. Out-of-sample back-test results vary, with some predictive abilities for copper futures but none for either WTI or gold. The best statistically significant hit rate achieved was 57% for copper with an absolute return Sharpe Ratio of 1.25 and a benchmarked Information Ratio of 2.11.