Determinants of mother-baby relationship evaluated during pregnancy

ABSTRACT Background Mental health promotion is supported by a strong body of knowledge and is a matter of public health with the potential of a large impact on society. Mental health promotion programs should be implemented as soon as possible in life, preferably starting during pregnancy. Programs should focus on malleable determinants, introducing strategies to reduce risk factors or their impact on mother and child, and also on strengthening protective factors to increase resilience. The ambition of early detecting risk situations requires the development and use of tools to assess risk, and the creation of a responsive network of services based in primary health care, especially maternal consultation during pregnancy and the first months of the born child. The number of risk factors and the way they interact and are buffered by protective factors are relevant for the final impact. Maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) is not yet a totally understood and well operationalized concept. Methodological problems limit the comparison of data as many studies used small size samples, had an exploratory character or used different selection criteria and different measures. There is still a lack of studies in high risk populations evaluating the consequences of a weak MFA. Instead, the available studies are not very conclusive, but suggest that social support, anxiety and depression, self-esteem and self-control and sense of coherence are correlated with MFA. MFA is also correlated with health practices during pregnancy, that influence pregnancy and baby outcomes. MFA seems a relevant concept for the future mother baby interaction, but more studies are needed to clarify the concept and its operationalization. Attachment is a strong scientific concept with multiple implications for future child development, personality and relationship with others. Secure attachment is considered an essential basis of good mental health, and promoting mother-baby interaction offers an excellent opportunity to intervention programmes targeted at enhancing mental health and well-being. Understanding the process of attachment and intervening to improve attachment requires a comprehension of more proximal factors, but also a broader approach that assesses the impact of more distal social conditions on attachment and how this social impact is mediated by family functioning and mother-baby interaction. Finally, it is essential to understand how this knowledge could be translated in effective mental health promoting interventions and measures that could reach large populations of pregnant mothers and families. Strengthening emotional availability (EA) seems to be a relevant approach to improve the mother-baby relationship. In this review we have offered evidence suggesting a range of determinants of mother-infant relationship, including age, marital relationship, social disadvantages, migration, parental psychiatric disorders and the situations of abuse or neglect. Based on this theoretical background we constructed a theoretical model that included proximal and distal factors, risk and protective factors, including variables related to the mother, the father, their social support and mother baby interaction from early pregnancy until six months after birth. We selected the Antenatal Psychosocial Health Assessment (ALPHA) for use as an instrument to detect psychosocial risk during pregnancy. Method Ninety two pregnant women were recruited from the Maternal Health Consultation in Primary Health Care (PHC) at Amadora. They had three moments of assessment: at T1 (until 12 weeks of pregnancy) they filed out a questionnaire that included socio-demographic data, ALPHA, Edinburgh post-natal Depression Scale (EDPS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Sense of Coherence (SOC); at T2 (after the 20th weeks of pregnancy) they answered EDPS, SOC and MFA Scale (MFAS), and finally at T3 (6 months after birth), they repeated EDPS and SOC, and their interaction with their babies was videotaped and later evaluated using EA Scales. A statistical analysis has been done using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, univariate logistic regression and multiple linear regression. Results The study has increased our knowledge on this particular population living in a multicultural, suburb community. It allow us to identify specific groups with a higher level of psychosocial risk, such as single or divorced women, young couples, mothers with a low level of education and those who are depressed or have a low SOC. The hypothesis that psychosocial risk is directly correlated with MFAS and that MFA is directly correlated with EA was not confirmed, neither the correlation between prenatal psychosocial risk and mother-baby EA. The study identified depression as a relevant risk factor in pregnancy and its higher prevalence in single or divorced women, immigrants and in those who have a higher global psychosocial risk. Depressed women have a poor MFA, and a lower structuring capacity and a higher hostility to their babies. In average, depression seems to reduce among pregnant women in the second part of their pregnancy. The children of immigrant mothers show a lower level of responsiveness to their mothers what could be transmitted through depression, as immigrant mothers have a higher risk of depression in the beginning of pregnancy and six months after birth. Young mothers have a low MFA and are more intrusive. Women who have a higher level of education are more sensitive and their babies showed to be more responsive. Women who are or have been submitted to abuse were found to have a higher level of MFA but their babies are less responsive to them. The study highlights the relevance of SOC as a potential protective factor while it is strongly and negatively related with a wide range of risk factors and mental health outcomes especially depression before, during and after pregnancy. Conclusions ALPHA proved to be a valid, feasible and reliable instrument to Primary Health Care (PHC) that can be used as a total sum score. We could not prove the association between psychosocial risk factors and MFA, neither between MFA and EA, or between psychosocial risk and EA. Depression and SOC seems to have a clear and opposite relevance on this process. Pregnancy can be considered as a maturational process and an opportunity to change, where adaptation processes occur, buffering risk, decreasing depression and increasing SOC. Further research is necessary to better understand interactions between variables and also to clarify a better operationalization of MFA. We recommend the use of ALPHA, SOC and EDPS in early pregnancy as a way of identifying more vulnerable women that will require additional interventions and support in order to decrease risk. At political level we recommend the reinforcement of Immigrant integration and the increment of education in women. We recommend more focus in health care and public health in mental health condition and psychosocial risk of specific groups at high risk. In PHC special attention should be paid to pregnant women who are single or divorced, very young, low educated and to immigrant mothers. This study provides the basis for an intervention programme for this population, that aims to reduce broad spectrum risk factors and to promote Mental Health in women who become pregnant. Health and mental health policies should facilitate the implementation of the suggested measures.

Problemas de saúde nos países desenvolvidos e planeamento estratégico: evolução das políticas e estratégias de prevenção e combate à pré-obesidade e obesidade infantil e dos jovens em Portugal

A obesidade é uma doença crónica e constitui um factor de risco para outras patologias, como a diabetes ou as doenças cardiovasculares, contribuindo para a diminuição da qualidade de vida de adultos, crianças e jovens, e para o aumento dos custos directos e ndirectos com a saúde. Entre as suas múltiplas causas, destacam-se as mudanças comportamentais, nomeadamente as alterações ao padrão alimentar e a diminuição da actividade física, que resultam num balanço energético positivo. A pré-obesidade e obesidade são um grave problema de saúde nos países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, sendo consideradas como epidemia global e um dos maiores desafios da saúde pública do início do século XXI. Verifica-se que a obesidade tem efeitos negativos imediatos na saúde individual dos mais jovens, aumentando-lhes também o risco de obesidade e suas co-morbilidades na idade adulta. O crescimento do problema entre crianças e jovens, bem como uma maior facilidade na introdução de mudança aos seus comportamentos, está na base de recomendações para que seja dada prioridade à prevenção e combate à pré-obesidade e obesidade nestas faixas etárias. Em Portugal, diversos estudos indicam o agravar do problema entre a população, sendo a prevalência entre crianças e jovens uma das mais ao nível europeu. Este facto, associado aos custos individuais, sociais e económicos da doença, constitui um foco de interesse para quem estuda a evolução dos sistemas de saúde. Com esta investigação procurou-se compreender a evolução das políticas e estratégias de prevenção e combate à pré-obesidade e obesidade infantil e dos jovens e como ela se projecta no futuro. Para tal, fez-se uso de uma metodologia qualitativa, através da análise da semântica e conteúdos de um Corpus documental que incluiu, entre outros, a Estratégia de Saúde para o Virar do Século (1998-2002), o Plano Nacional de Saúde 2004-2010 e a versão preliminar do Plano Nacional de Saúde 2011-2016. Os resultados mostram que o aumento de prevalência de excesso de peso na população portuguesa levou a que o problema ganhasse importância nas preocupações das autoridades de saúde. Verifica-se no entanto que a preocupação com o aumento da prevalência nas crianças e jovens se reflectiu mais tardiamente nos documentos estratégicos. Conclui-se ainda que a centralidade política da prevenção e combate ao problema, em particular, nas idades infanto-juvenis, surge após a aprovação da Carta Europeia de Luta Contra a Obesidade (WHO-Europe, 2006), de que Portugal é signatário. É possível estabelecer uma correspondência entre os princípios da Carta e as orientações estratégicas do PNS 2011-2016, recomendando-se o reforço deste alinhamento. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Pré-obesidade, Obesidade, Portugal, Infantil, Crianças, Adolescentes, Jovens, Excesso de Peso, Plano Nacional de Saúde, Sistemas de Saúde, Planeamento em Saúde, Carta Europeia de Luta contra a Obesidade, Planeamento Estratégico.