Determinants of mother-baby relationship evaluated during pregnancy

ABSTRACT Background Mental health promotion is supported by a strong body of knowledge and is a matter of public health with the potential of a large impact on society. Mental health promotion programs should be implemented as soon as possible in life, preferably starting during pregnancy. Programs should focus on malleable determinants, introducing strategies to reduce risk factors or their impact on mother and child, and also on strengthening protective factors to increase resilience. The ambition of early detecting risk situations requires the development and use of tools to assess risk, and the creation of a responsive network of services based in primary health care, especially maternal consultation during pregnancy and the first months of the born child. The number of risk factors and the way they interact and are buffered by protective factors are relevant for the final impact. Maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) is not yet a totally understood and well operationalized concept. Methodological problems limit the comparison of data as many studies used small size samples, had an exploratory character or used different selection criteria and different measures. There is still a lack of studies in high risk populations evaluating the consequences of a weak MFA. Instead, the available studies are not very conclusive, but suggest that social support, anxiety and depression, self-esteem and self-control and sense of coherence are correlated with MFA. MFA is also correlated with health practices during pregnancy, that influence pregnancy and baby outcomes. MFA seems a relevant concept for the future mother baby interaction, but more studies are needed to clarify the concept and its operationalization. Attachment is a strong scientific concept with multiple implications for future child development, personality and relationship with others. Secure attachment is considered an essential basis of good mental health, and promoting mother-baby interaction offers an excellent opportunity to intervention programmes targeted at enhancing mental health and well-being. Understanding the process of attachment and intervening to improve attachment requires a comprehension of more proximal factors, but also a broader approach that assesses the impact of more distal social conditions on attachment and how this social impact is mediated by family functioning and mother-baby interaction. Finally, it is essential to understand how this knowledge could be translated in effective mental health promoting interventions and measures that could reach large populations of pregnant mothers and families. Strengthening emotional availability (EA) seems to be a relevant approach to improve the mother-baby relationship. In this review we have offered evidence suggesting a range of determinants of mother-infant relationship, including age, marital relationship, social disadvantages, migration, parental psychiatric disorders and the situations of abuse or neglect. Based on this theoretical background we constructed a theoretical model that included proximal and distal factors, risk and protective factors, including variables related to the mother, the father, their social support and mother baby interaction from early pregnancy until six months after birth. We selected the Antenatal Psychosocial Health Assessment (ALPHA) for use as an instrument to detect psychosocial risk during pregnancy. Method Ninety two pregnant women were recruited from the Maternal Health Consultation in Primary Health Care (PHC) at Amadora. They had three moments of assessment: at T1 (until 12 weeks of pregnancy) they filed out a questionnaire that included socio-demographic data, ALPHA, Edinburgh post-natal Depression Scale (EDPS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Sense of Coherence (SOC); at T2 (after the 20th weeks of pregnancy) they answered EDPS, SOC and MFA Scale (MFAS), and finally at T3 (6 months after birth), they repeated EDPS and SOC, and their interaction with their babies was videotaped and later evaluated using EA Scales. A statistical analysis has been done using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, univariate logistic regression and multiple linear regression. Results The study has increased our knowledge on this particular population living in a multicultural, suburb community. It allow us to identify specific groups with a higher level of psychosocial risk, such as single or divorced women, young couples, mothers with a low level of education and those who are depressed or have a low SOC. The hypothesis that psychosocial risk is directly correlated with MFAS and that MFA is directly correlated with EA was not confirmed, neither the correlation between prenatal psychosocial risk and mother-baby EA. The study identified depression as a relevant risk factor in pregnancy and its higher prevalence in single or divorced women, immigrants and in those who have a higher global psychosocial risk. Depressed women have a poor MFA, and a lower structuring capacity and a higher hostility to their babies. In average, depression seems to reduce among pregnant women in the second part of their pregnancy. The children of immigrant mothers show a lower level of responsiveness to their mothers what could be transmitted through depression, as immigrant mothers have a higher risk of depression in the beginning of pregnancy and six months after birth. Young mothers have a low MFA and are more intrusive. Women who have a higher level of education are more sensitive and their babies showed to be more responsive. Women who are or have been submitted to abuse were found to have a higher level of MFA but their babies are less responsive to them. The study highlights the relevance of SOC as a potential protective factor while it is strongly and negatively related with a wide range of risk factors and mental health outcomes especially depression before, during and after pregnancy. Conclusions ALPHA proved to be a valid, feasible and reliable instrument to Primary Health Care (PHC) that can be used as a total sum score. We could not prove the association between psychosocial risk factors and MFA, neither between MFA and EA, or between psychosocial risk and EA. Depression and SOC seems to have a clear and opposite relevance on this process. Pregnancy can be considered as a maturational process and an opportunity to change, where adaptation processes occur, buffering risk, decreasing depression and increasing SOC. Further research is necessary to better understand interactions between variables and also to clarify a better operationalization of MFA. We recommend the use of ALPHA, SOC and EDPS in early pregnancy as a way of identifying more vulnerable women that will require additional interventions and support in order to decrease risk. At political level we recommend the reinforcement of Immigrant integration and the increment of education in women. We recommend more focus in health care and public health in mental health condition and psychosocial risk of specific groups at high risk. In PHC special attention should be paid to pregnant women who are single or divorced, very young, low educated and to immigrant mothers. This study provides the basis for an intervention programme for this population, that aims to reduce broad spectrum risk factors and to promote Mental Health in women who become pregnant. Health and mental health policies should facilitate the implementation of the suggested measures.

Produção de resíduos hospitalares na prestação de cuidados domiciliários

RESUMO - Os resíduos hospitalares (RH) perigosos — Grupos III e IV — produzidos na prestação de cuidados domiciliários (CD), dada a sua composição, infecciosidade, toxicidade, mobilidade e persistência, constituem um perigo relevante. A exposição a estes resíduos traduz-se num risco importante para os profissionais de saúde, doentes e seus familiares. Dado que em muitas situações estes resíduos ficam no domicílio dos doentes, sendo posteriormente depositados nos contentores camarários, o risco é alargado ao público em geral, aos catadores e aos profissionais de recolha de resíduos sólidos urbanos dos municípios. Através de um estudo observacional, transversal, com componente analítica, da produção de RH pretende-se determinar e caracterizar os quantitativos dos Grupos III e IV produzidos na prestação de CD em 2003 no concelho da Amadora, identificando também o seu destino final. Utiliza- se uma amostra aleatória do universo de doentes submetidos a tratamento domiciliário em 2003 e efectua-se a análise da associação estatística das variáveis peso do Grupo III e peso do Grupo IV com as variáveis relativas às características do doente (sexo, idade e doença), do tratamento (duração e periodicidade) e sazonais (época do ano). A média do peso produzido dos RH por acto prestado é de 213,1 g para o Grupo III e de 3,8 g para o Grupo IV. Estima--se uma produção de RH do Grupo III na prestação de CD, em 2003, no concelho da Amadora entre 8,8 e 11,4 t e para os RH do Grupo IV um valor de 10,2 kg. Verifica-se que, por acto prestado, a produção média de resíduos do Grupo III é maior nos doentes mais idosos, nas úlceras varicosas, no pé diabético, na escara de pressão, nas situações de maior duração do tratamento e nos doentes submetidos a três tratamentos por semana. Também por acto prestado, a produção média de RH do Grupo IV é maior nos doentes mais novos, na patologia osteo-articular, na infecção, no acidente, no pós-operatório, nas situações de menor duração do tratamento e nos doentes submetidos a seis tratamentos por semana (o que está relacionado com as patologias em causa). As produções médias, por acto prestado, de ambos os grupos não apresentam relação com as variáveis idade e época do ano. Todos os RH produzidos nos actos prestados em CD, em 2003, no concelho da Amadora foram depositados nos contentores municipais. Recomendam-se acções de formação e de informação dirigidas aos profissionais de saúde e ao público em geral, a criação de condições para que os RH produzidos nos CD sejam transportados, em condições adequadas, para os centros de saúde e uma articulação entre os órgãos de gestão dos centros de saúde, a autarquia, os operadores de gestão de RH e os serviços de saúde pública no sentido de serem encontradas soluções apropriadas e inovadoras relativamente à gestão dos RH produzidos na prestação de CD.