Proposta Interacionista para a Prática de Revisão de Texto: o padrão discursivo dos textos académicos

Nesta dissertação, apresenta-se uma proposta interacionista para a prática de revisão de texto, através de um instrumento de recurso que integra os pressupostos do Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo (ISD), bem como contributos dos principais modelos de revisão da escrita que têm sido desenvolvidos a partir da perspetiva da Psicologia Cognitiva. Além disso, propõe-se, a partir das noções de géneros de texto e de tipos de discurso, centrais no quadro teórico do ISD, a integração neste instrumento da noção de padrão discursivo – noção por nós desenvolvida. Para discutir a aplicabilidade desta proposta, analisa-se um corpus constituído por textos de dois géneros académicos – o artigo científico e a recensão crítica – de duas áreas científicas – a área da Linguística e a área da Sociologia. A partir desta aplicação e análise, defende-se, por um lado, a transposição dos pressupostos do Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo para a prática de revisão de texto e, por outro, a aplicação da noção de padrão discursivo no âmbito dessa mesma prática, bem como o seu contributo para novas perspetivas de análise dos textos e dos géneros textuais, sobretudo no que respeita à sua operacionalidade na identificação e distinção dos segundos.

Instrumental Fado: a generative interactive system

Fado was listed as UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2011. This dissertation describes a theoretical model, as well as an automatic system, able to generate instrumental music based on the musics and vocal sounds typically associated with fado’s practice. A description of the phenomenon of fado, its musics and vocal sounds, based on ethnographic, historical sources and empirical data is presented. The data includes the creation of a digital corpus, of musical transcriptions, identified as fado, and statistical analysis via music information retrieval techniques. The second part consists in the formulation of a theory and the coding of a symbolic model, as a proof of concept, for the automatic generation of instrumental music based on the one in the corpus.

Crowdfunding

Crowdfunding, as we know it today, is a very recent activity that was born almost accidentally in the end of the 90’s decade. Due to the advent of the internet and the social networks, entrepreneurs are now able to promote their projects to a very large community. Whether it is composed by family, friends, acquaintances or simply people that are interested in the same topic or share the passion, the community is able to fund new ventures by individually investing modest amounts of money. In return, the entrepreneur can offer symbolic rewards, shares or other financial returns. New crowdfunding platforms are born almost every day all over the world, offering a new way of raising capital for their projects or a new way to invest their money in innovative ventures. Although crowdfunding is still finding its place in the financial services, successful cases such as Kickstarter demonstrate the power of the crowd in boosting creativity and productivity, financing thousands of projects by raising millions of dollars from thousands of investors. Due to regulatory restrictions, the most prominent model for now is reward-based crowdfunding, where the investors are prized with symbolic returns or privileged access to the products or services offered by the entrepreneurs. Other models such as peer-to-peer lending are also surging, allowing borrowers access to capital at a lower cost compared to so-called traditional financial institutions, and offering lenders a higher rate of return. But when it comes to offering shares to investors, i.e. using equity-based crowdfunding, entrepreneurs face regulatory obstacles in almost every country, where legislation was passed decades ago with the objective of promoting financially-capable ventures and protecting investors. Access to capital has become more difficult after the global economic recession of 2008, and for most countries it will not get easier in the near future, leaving start-ups and small enterprises with few options to start or expand their operations. In this study we attempt to answer the following research questions: how has equity-based crowdfunding evolved since its creation? Where and how has equity-based crowdfunding been implemented so far? What are the constraints and opportunities for implementing equity-crowdfunding in the world, and more particularly in Portugal? Finally, we will discuss the risks of crowdfunding and reflect on the future of this industry.