Comportamentos Pró-ambientais numa Sociedade de Consumo

Embora os avanços científicos tenham um papel preponderante na resolução dos problemas ambientais associados às alterações climáticas, à utilização de energia e aos estilos de vida actuais, a médio e longo prazo a eficácia dessas tecnologias e das políticas de suporte das mesmas vai depender em grande medida das mudanças de comportamento e de atitudes por parte de organizações e indivíduos – no domínio privado, nas comunidades, nas empresas e no sector público. Compreender as mudanças no comportamento das pessoas para acções mais pro-ambientais é, portanto, uma parte essencial para redefinir o futuro. Os problemas ambientais só serão resolvidos com políticas baseadas numa clara compreensão dos factores que influenciam as intenções e atitudes individuais. Para se alterar um comportamento, é necessário compreender esse mesmo comportamento. Para além de ter um grande poder de compra actualmente, a população juvenil representa o grupo de consumidores do futuro: com a personalidade já formada, é importante perceber que ideias orientam as suas práticas. Deste modo, e no quadro de uma sociedade de consumo cada vez mais consolidada em Portugal, procuramos apreender os hábitos de consumo que pautam o quotidiano dos estudantes universitários face às suas preocupações de índole ambiental. Para tal, foi aplicado um inquérito que partiu da adaptação da escala NEP (New Ecological Paradigm, Dunlap et al, 2000) em associação a questões relacionadas com padrões de consumo, gaps de comportamento pró-ambiental, ligação ao campus e felicidade, e que visa conhecer consciência ambiental dos estudantes da FCSH.

Sustainable urban planning: parameters to the operational process

In modern society, energy consumption and respect for the environment have become essential aspects of urban planning. The rising demand for alternative sources of energy, coupled with the decline in the construction sector and material usage, gives the idea that the thinking on modern cities, where attention is given to reduced energy consumption, savings, waste recycling and respect for the surrounding environment, is being put into practice. If we examine development of the city over recent centuries, by means of the theories of the most famous and influential urban planners, it is possible to identify the major problems caused by this type of planning. For this reason, in recent urban planning the use of systems of indicators that evaluate and certify land environmentally and energetically guides the master plan toward a more efficient city model. In addition the indicators are targeted on key factors determined by the commissioner or the opportunities the territory itself provides. Due the complexity of the environmental mechanics, the process of design and urban planning has become a challenging issue. The introduction of the indicators system has made it possible to register the life of the process, with a spiral route that allows the design itself to be refined. The aim of this study, built around the creation of a system of urban sustainability indicators that will evaluate highly eco-friendly cities, is to develop a certification system for cities or portions of them. The system will be upgradeable and objective, will employ real data and will be concerned with energy production and consumption.

Ethical consumption (in)decisons

Consumers’ indecisions about the ethical value of their choices are amongst the highest concerns regarding ethical products’ purchasing. This is especially true for Fair Trade certified products where the ethical attribute information provided by the packaging is often unacknowledged by consumers. While well-informed consumers are likely to generate positive consumer reactions to ethical products and increase its ethical consumption, less knowledgeable buyers show different purchasing patterns. In such circumstances, decisions are often driven by socio-cultural beliefs about the low functional performance of ethical or sustainable attributes. For instance, products more congruent with sustainability (e.g., produce) are considered to be simpler but less tasty than less sustainable products. Less sustainable products instead, are considered to be more sophisticated and to provide consumers with more hedonic pleasures (e.g., chocolate mousse). The extent that ethicality is linked with experiences that provide consumers with more pain than pleasure is also manifested in pro-social social behaviors. More specifically through conspicuous self-sacrificial consumption experiences like running for charity in marathons with wide public exposure. The willingness of consumers to engage in such costly initiatives is moderated by gender differences and further, mediated by the chronic productivity orientation of some individuals to use time in a productive manner. Using experimental design studies, I show that consumers (1) use a set of affective and cognitive associations with on-package elements to interpret ethical attributes, (2) implicitly associate ethicality with simplicity, and that (3) men versus women show different preferences in their forms of contribution to pro-social causes.