40 resultados para Princípio da proporcionalidade

em RUN (Repositório da Universidade Nova de Lisboa) - FCT (Faculdade de Cienecias e Technologia), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Portugal


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Com a crescente utilização mundial das novas tecnologias, como o uso de determinadas redes sociais, Facebook, Twitter, MSN, My Space, Blogs, Youtube, Instagram, entre muitos outros programas ao nosso alcance, cresceu também um o problema. A forma como os utilizamos comunicarmos com familiares, amigos e colegas de trabalho no âmbito da nossa esfera privada No entanto, muitas vezes não temos consciência de que aquilo que divulgamos no meio virtual nos pode trazer consequências a nível profissional. Implicações essas, que podem levar mesmo ao despedimento com justa causa, ou seja, sem direito a qualquer tipo de indeminização. Exemplo disso mesmo, é o caso do trabalhador da empresa Esegur que foi despedido, devido a comentários realizados no Facebook, a rede social mais utilizada em Portugal, que colocavam em causa os direitos de personalidade de colegas e superiores hierárquicos. Todavia, para que esta forma de despedimento tão gravosa possa vir a ocorrer temos de ter sempre em mente, o seguinte: - Se fotos, publicações ou comentários publicados causam danos não patrimoniais ou patrimoniais nos direitos da empresa/empregador; -Se a Quebra do elo de Confiança entre o trabalhador e o empregador é tão gravosa que justifique o despedimento; - Se Lesões patrimoniais na esfera da entidade empregadora. Assim, há que ter sempre em conta, se na situação em concreto, o comportamento foi tão grave que destruiu ou abalou de tal modo a confiança da parte do empregador, que justifique sanção tão gravosa. Tendo em conta que naquela situação um trabalhador normal teria tomado uma opção completamente diferente, que não colocaria em causa a relação laboral. Facilmente se compreende que o princípio da proporcionalidade (art.18º CRP) é fundamental apreciação deste tipo de casos. Uma vez que, muitas vezes é bastante difícil aplicar a medida disciplinar, das que o empregador tem á sua disposição (artº328CT), que mais se adequa á gravidade do ato cometido pelo trabalhador, o que nem sempre será o despedimento do trabalhador cujo comportamento resultou nas lesões. O que no âmbito deste trabalho é a divulgação de conteúdos nas redes sociais, claro que uns serão mais graves, que outros.

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This study examines the quantification of compensation for non-pecuniary damage, awarded by means of judicial decisions based on equity, and seeks to verify whether such calculation safeguards legal certainty and predictability when applying the law, as well as whether it observes the principles of proportionality and equality. Firstly, the limits for discretionary judgment permitted to the judge were determined, by evaluating the criteria established under the law. Then, by examining the grounds of the judicial decisions in cases that had been selected beforehand, this study sought to detect operation modes in concrete considerations of equity used by judges. The examination of the grounds on which these judicial decisions are based permitted the comprehension of the calculation method used in each case and the observation that the criteria of compensatory nature, such as the extent of the damage and the respective consequences, assumed a primary role. Despite discrepancies in viewpoints with regard to certain issues of law, the jurisprudence examined reveals that great care is taken to consider the solutions reached in similar cases, in an attempt to ensure that the different criteria applied in the quantification of compensation are given uniform relevance. The comparison of decisions, reported to cases with similar legal contours, did not reveal relevant discrepancies in the calculation criteria used, nor are they disproportionate regarding the amount of compensation awarded, which means that resorting to equity, in determining the compensation to be awarded due to nonpecuniary damage, does not jeopardize legal certainty or predictability when applying the law, and observes the principle of proportionality, which is anchored in the constitutional principle of equality. The study performed, led to the conclusion that the grounds on which judicial decisions are based, by itemising the elements which are taken into account and the criteria adopted by the judge, allow these to be taken into consideration in similar cases, contributing towards uniform interpretation and application of the law, ensuring legal certainty and predictability when resorting to equity while quantifying compensation.

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Ne bis in idem, understood as a procedural guarantee in the EU assumes different features in the AFSJ and in european competition law. Despite having a common origin (being, in both sectors the result of the case law of the same jurisdictional organ) its components are quite distintic in each area of the integration. In the AFSJ, the content of bis and idem are broader and addressed at a larger protection of individuals. Its axiological ground is based on the freedom of movements and human dignity, whereas in european competition law its closely linked to defence rights of legal persons and the concept of criminal punishment of anticompetitive sanctions as interpreted by the ECHR´s jurisprudence. In european competition law, ne bis in idem is limited by the systemic framework of competition law and the need to ensure parallel application of both european and national laws. Nonetheless, the absence of a compulsory mechanism to allocate jurisdiction in the EU (both in the AFSJ and in the field of anti-trust law) demands a common axiological framework. In this context, ne bis in idem must be understood as a defence right based on equity and proportionality. As far as its international dimension is concerned, ne bis in idem also lacks an erga omnes effect and it is not considered to be a rule of ius cogens. Consequently, the model which the ECJ has built regarding the application of the ne bis in idem in transnational and supranational contexts should be replicated by other courts through cross fertilization, in order to internationalize that procedural guarantee and broaden its scope of application.

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The purpose of the following study is to analyze the relevance of the principle of confidentiality concerning mediation on civil and commercial matters developed in Portugal. We will, essentially, try to determine just how pivotal is this principle and how it affects the effectiveness of that method of alternative dispute resolution. We believe it is fundamental to understand the true extent of this principle and its goals, emphasizing the protection given to those who decide to resort to mediation and its impact on this process. For this dissertation, we have based our analysis on the interpretation of the set rules assembled by Law nr 29/2013, April 19th, while combining it with data gathered from other laws and regulations that had also addressed mediation. Furthermore, given the fact that this subject has been regulated by Directive 2008/52/EC, we deem pertinent to include references to other European mediation regulations, namely from Germany, Spain and France. With this study, we have established that, even though the Portuguese mediation law is based on a European Directive, we have determined a more restrictive regulation for the principle of confidentiality. We have concluded that the rules regarding this principle try to preserve, above all, the trust and honesty established during the course of the mediation, while restricting the possibility of using the information disclosed during these sessions on other cases. Additionally, we believe confidentiality is such a distinctive and relevant feature that its legal framework leads us to deem it as a true obstacle to the parties’ private autonomy and their power to determine how the mediation should be carried out.

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The experimental legislation follows the development of legislative evaluation practices. Being a legislative technique used not only with the aim of gathering political and social consensus, but also, especially in controversial matters, to provide data and information that will serve as basis for a clarified and justified legislative decision. The characteristic features of the experimental laws are its limited application in time and/or in territory and the prediction, in the law itself, of an evaluation after the experimental period. The application of an experimental law just in a specific geographic area raises constitutional issues because of the implications of the principle of equality. Indeed, the principle of equality, despite admitting some treatment differences between people, commands that these differences have to be legitimate, reasonable and proportional, namely, not arbitrary. Besides the constitutionality problem for the violation of the principle of equality, the experimental laws may also consist of laws restricting fundamental rights and be the cause of the liability of the State, within its legislative function.

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As práticas de gestão ambiental são meios através dos quais as organizações podem melhorar o seu desempenho. Um comportamento eco-eficiente, optimiza o uso dos recursos e evita a produção de resíduos, permitindo poupanças significativas. Para além disso, um bom desempenho ambiental evita custos resultantes da aplicação do princípio do poluidor-pagador. A introdução destas práticas no processo de gestão global é hoje uma realidade nas empresas. No entanto, e como muitas das acções a nível local passam essencialmente pelas autarquias, afigura-se fundamental que também estas organizações introduzam práticas ambientais na sua gestão. O objectivo central deste trabalho é identificar o perfil ambiental da Administração Pública Local, nomeadamente dos municípios portugueses. Para atingir este objectivo foi desenvolvido um inquérito por questionário, o qual foi remetido a todos os municípios do país, de forma a poder diagnosticar práticas de gestão ambiental nesse sector. Com base na avaliação do grau de implementação de determinadas vertentes e práticas de gestão ambiental foi traçado o perfil ambiental dos municípios portugueses. Os principais resultados evidenciam um fraco nível de adopção de práticas de gestão ambiental. Urge melhorar estes níveis de desempenho, pelo que deverão ser adoptadas novas práticas organizacionais e políticas públicas de desenvolvimento sustentável, para que se inverta a tendência actual. Este trabalho pretendeu constituir uma base de apoio às inúmeras autarquias, transmitindo quais as vantagens de recorrer a práticas de gestão ambiental, de forma a aumentar o desempenho ambiental nestas organizações.

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Cultura Moderna e Contemporânea, n.5, vol.2

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Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil, na especialidade de Reabilitação de Edifícios

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Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais – variante de Estudos Europeus.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil - Perfil Construção

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Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Comunicação, Media e Justiça

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ABSTRACT - The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act shook the foundations of the US health system, offering all Americans access to health care by changing the way the health insurance industry works. As President Obama signed the Act on 23 March 2010, he said that it stood for “the core principle that everybody should have some basic security when it comes to their health care”. Unlike the U.S., the Article 64 of the Portuguese Constitution provides, since 1976, the right to universal access to health care. However, facing a severe economic crisis, Portugal has, under the supervision of the Troika, a tight schedule to implement measures to improve the efficiency of the National Health Service. Both countries are therefore despite their different situation, in a conjuncture of reform and the use of new health management measures. The present work, using a qualitative research methodology examines the Affordable Care Act in order to describe its principles and enforcement mechanisms. In order to describe the reality in Portugal, the Portuguese health system and the measures imposed by Troika are also analyzed. The intention of this entire analysis is not only to disclose the innovative U.S. law, but to find some innovative measures that could serve health management in Portugal. Essentially we identified the Exchanges and Wellness Programs, described throughout this work, leaving also the idea of the possibility of using them in the Portuguese national health system.

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Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Filosofia, especialização de Estética