Crimes contra a Honra na Internet

No meio jornalístico, a Internet veio estabelecer uma nova plataforma de informação, que atingiu os meios de comunicação e proliferou a forma como o cidadão comum pode obter informação. Através da Internet, podemos exercer o nosso direito de liberdade de expressão e informação (artigo 37.º da Constituição da República Portuguesa) em toda a sua plenitude. No entanto, este advento trouxe com ele novos meios para praticar crimes. A pessoa que escreve, publica ou vê algo através da Internet pode cometer um crime contra a honra, punido pelo Código Penal. Destes crimes fazem parte a difamação, o crime mais importante na Comunicação Social, a injúria ou a calúnia: a Internet é uma ferramenta facilitadora de atentar contra a honra da pessoa humana, um direito inerente à nossa simples existência. Na Internet o crime é muitas vezes motivado pela ideia de que o dispositivo informático permite esconder o autor, o que não acontece nos meios de comunicação dito tradicionais. Não obstante, a Internet é um meio de conservação de identidades muito poderoso. A pegada informática nunca é definitivamente apagada e, ainda que tendo a necessidade de ultrapassar alguns constrangimentos jurídicos, existe sempre a possibilidade de identificar os autores dos crimes. Os crimes praticados no mundo online já são, em Portugal, legislados offline. Esta mesma legislação pode ser aplicada a estes “novos” crimes, não sendo necessário uma regulação urgente para que este tipo de crimes seja punido. O que tem que existir é uma permanente observação, na medida em que os crimes contra a honra praticados online atingem um número inqualificável de pessoas e propagam-se a um ritmo avassalador.

Como os políticos portugueses utilizam a internet em campanha eleitoral

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Comunicação

O PNPOT e o PROT Algarve no planeamento e ordenamento do municipio de Lagos

Relatório de Estágio de Mestrado em Gestão do Território

Understanding the internet banking adoption by Portuguese customers - a unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and perceived risk application.

Trabalho de Projeto apresentado como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estatística e Gestão de Informação

O uso da Internet e da Web 2.0 na difusão e acesso à informação arquivística: o caso dos arquivos municipais portugueses

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência da Informação e Documentação – Área de especialização em Arquivística

Perspectives and approaches for the internet of things

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores

Direito a ser esquecido na internet

With the recent technological development, we have been witnessing a progressive loss of control over our personal information. Whether it is the speed in which it spreads over the internet or the permanent storage of information on cloud services, the means by which our personal information escapes our control are vast. Inevitably, this situation allowed serious violations of personal rights. The necessity to reform the European policy for protection of personal information is emerging, in order to adapt to the technological era we live in. Granting individuals the ability to delete their personal information, mainly the information which is available on the Internet, is the best solution for those whose rights have been violated. However, once supposedly deleted from the website the information is still shown in search engines. In this context, “the right to be forgotten in the internet” is invoked. Its implementation will result in the possibility for any person to delete and stop its personal information from being spread through the internet in any way, especially through search engines directories. This way we will have a more comprehensive control over our personal information in two ways: firstly, by allowing individuals to completely delete their information from any website and cloud service and secondly by limiting access of search engines to the information. This way, it could be said that a new and catchier term has been found for an “old” right.

Protecção de dados pessoais na Internet

The present dissertation has as object of study the right to be forgotten, a new right for increase the control of subject over their data. It’s analyzed the data protection on Internet, especially, some scenarios of processing and the regulation applicable to it (directive 95/46/CE and directive 2002/58/CE).

O âmbito de aplicação material da legislação de proteção de dados pessoais e o tratamento de imagem por pessoa singular

Images have gained a never before seen importance. Technological changes have given the Information Society extraordinary means to capture, treat and transmit images, wheter your own or those of others, with or without a commercial purpose, with no boundaries of time or country, without “any kind of eraser”. From the several different ways natural persons may engage in image processing with no commercial purpose, the cases of sharing pictures through social networks and video surveillance assume particular relevance. Consequently there are growing legitimate concerns with the protection of one's image, since its processing may sometimes generate situations of privacy invasion or put at risk other fundamental rights. With this in mind, the present thesis arises from the question: what are the existent legal instruments in Portuguese Law that enable citizens to protect themselves from the abusive usage of their own pictures, whether because that image have been captured by a smartphone or some video surveillance camera, whether because it was massively shared through a blog or some social network? There is no question the one's right to not having his or her image used in an abusive way is protected by the Portuguese constitution, through the article 26th CRP, as well as personally right, under the article 79th of the Civil Code, and finally through criminal law, articles 192nd and 193rd of the Criminal Code. The question arises in the personal data protection context, considering that one's picture, given certain conditions, is personal data. Both the Directive 95/46/CE dated from 1995 as well as the LPD from 1998 are applicable to the processing of personal data, but both exclude situations of natural persons doing so in the pursuit of activities strictly personal or family-related. These laws demand complex procedures to natural persons, such as the preemptive formal authorisation request to the Data Protection National Commission. Failing to do so a natural person may result in the application of fines as high as €2.500,00 or even criminal charges. Consequently, the present thesis aims to study if the image processing with no commercial purposes by a natural person in the context of social networks or through video surveillance belongs to the domain of the existent personal data protection law. To that effect, it was made general considerations regarding the concept of video surveillance, what is its regimen, in a way that it may be distinguishable from Steve Mann's definition of sousveillance, and what are the associated obligations in order to better understand the concept's essence. The application of the existent laws on personal data protection to images processing by natural persons has been analysed taking into account the Directive 95/46/CE, the LPD and the General Regulation. From this analysis it is concluded that the regimen from 1995 to 1998 is out of touch with reality creating an absence of legal shielding in the personal data protection law, a flaw that doesn't exist because compensated by the right to image as a right to personality, that anyway reveals the inability of the Portuguese legislator to face the new technological challenges. It is urgent to legislate. A contrary interpretation will evidence the unconstitutionality of several rules on the LPD due to the obligations natural persons are bound to that violate the right to the freedom of speech and information, which would be inadequate and disproportionate. Considering the recently approved General Regulation and in the case it becomes the final version, the use for natural person of video surveillance of private spaces, Google Glass (in public and private places) and other similar gadgets used to recreational purposes, as well as social networks are subject to its regulation only if the images are shared without limits or existing commercial purposes. Video surveillance of public spaces in all situations is subject to General Regulation provisions.

A internet e o sistema de justiça

The subject of study of this Thesis aims to highlight and recognize as an object of reflection the undoubted relationship between the Internet and the Justice System, based on the issue of digital evidence. The simultaneously crossing of the juridical-legal implications and the more technical computer issues is the actual trigger for the discussion of the issues established. The Convention on Cybercrime of the Council of Europe of 23rd November 2001 and the Council Framework Decision n.° 2005/222/JHA of 24th February 2005 were avant-garde in terms of the international work about the crimes in the digital environment. In addition they enabled the harmonization of national legislations on the matter and, consequently, a greater flexibility in international judicial cooperation. Portugal, in compliance with these international studies, ratified, implemented and approved Law n. º 109/2009 of 15th September concerning the Cybercrime Act, establishing a more specific investigation and collection of evidence in electronic support when it comes to combating this type of crime, as it reinforced the Substantive Criminal Law and Procedural Nature. Nevertheless, the constant debates about the New Technologies of Information and Communication have not neglected the positive role of these tools for the user. However, they express a particular concern for their counterproductive effects; a special caution prevails on the part of the judge in assessing the digital evidence, especially circumstantial evidence, due to the its fragility. Indisputably, the practice of crimes through the computer universe, given its inexorable technical complexity, entails many difficulties for the forensic investigation, since the proofs hold temporary, changeable, volatile, and dispersed features. In this pillar, after the consummation of iter criminis, the Fundamental Rights of the suspects may be debated in the course of the investigation and the construction of iter probatorium. The intent of this Thesis is to contribute in a reflective way on the issues presented in order to achieve a bigger technical and legal awareness regarding the collection of digital proof, looking for a much lighter approach to its suitability in terms of evidentiary value.

Modelos de negócios para a internet das coisas baseados em big data : Muzzley, um estudo de caso

A Internet das Coisas tal como o Big Data e a análise dos dados são dos temas mais discutidos ao querermos observar ou prever as tendências do mercado para as próximas décadas, como o volume económico, financeiro e social, pelo que será relevante perceber a importância destes temas na atualidade. Nesta dissertação será descrita a origem da Internet das Coisas, a sua definição (por vezes confundida com o termo Machine to Machine, redes interligadas de máquinas controladas e monitorizadas remotamente e que possibilitam a troca de dados (Bahga e Madisetti 2014)), o seu ecossistema que envolve a tecnologia, software, dispositivos, aplicações, a infra-estrutura envolvente, e ainda os aspetos relacionados com a segurança, privacidade e modelos de negócios da Internet das Coisas. Pretende-se igualmente explicar cada um dos “Vs” associados ao Big Data: Velocidade, Volume, Variedade e Veracidade, a importância da Business Inteligence e do Data Mining, destacando-se algumas técnicas utilizadas de modo a transformar o volume dos dados em conhecimento para as empresas. Um dos objetivos deste trabalho é a análise das áreas de IoT, modelos de negócio e as implicações do Big Data e da análise de dados como elementos chave para a dinamização do negócio de uma empresa nesta área. O mercado da Internet of Things tem vindo a ganhar dimensão, fruto da Internet e da tecnologia. Devido à importância destes dois recursos e á falta de estudos em Portugal neste campo, com esta dissertação, sustentada na metodologia do “Estudo do Caso”, pretende-se dar a conhecer a experiência portuguesa no mercado da Internet das Coisas. Visa-se assim perceber quais os mecanismos utilizados para trabalhar os dados, a metodologia, sua importância, que consequências trazem para o modelo de negócio e quais as decisões tomadas com base nesses mesmos dados. Este estudo tem ainda como objetivo incentivar empresas portuguesas que estejam neste mercado ou que nele pretendam aceder, a adoptarem estratégias, mecanismos e ferramentas concretas no que diz respeito ao Big Data e análise dos dados.