The Portuguese Administrative Elite, 1851-1910

The aim of this article is to examine the composition and patterns of recruitment of the ministries’directors-general, as well as to assess the interconnections between bureaucracy and politics, from the beginnings of Regeneração (1851) until the breakdown of Monarchy (1910). The post of director-general was considered one of “political trust���, that might be filled by individuals from outside the civil service, and the selection and de-selection of officeholders depended exclusively on the ministers’ will. Nonetheless, most directors-general were experienced bureaucrats, boasting a steady career as civil servants, and remained in office for long terms, regardless of ministerial discontinuities. In other words, High Administration became relatively immune to party-driven politics. Due to their professional background and lengthy tenure, directors-general were usually highly skilled specialists, combining technical expertise and practical knowledge of the wheels of state bureaucracy. Hence, they were often influential actors in policy-making, playing an active (and sometimes decisive) part behind the scenes, in both designing and implementing government policies. As regards their social profile, directors-general formed a cohesive and homogeneous elite group: being predominantly drawn from urban middle class milieus, highly educated, and appointed to office in their forties.

A Representação Política na União Americana e a Constituição de 1787: ruptura ou continuidade?

A presente dissertação tem a intenção de conduzir um estudo acerca da representação política nos territ��rios americanos, tornados Estados Unidos da América, desde o período colonial at�� ao período da ratificação da Constituição de 1787. O trabalho desenvolvido pretende demonstrar a exist��ncia de uma tradição política Americana, prevalecente at�� 1787, e a redistribuição do poder ocorrida no interior do corpo político Americano como consequência da entrada em vigor do novo documento constitucional, saído da Convenção de Filadélfia