Analysis of classification algorithms for crop detection using LANDSAT 8 images

Remote sensing - the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object - is applied in a multitude of different areas, ranging from agriculture, forestry, cartography, hydrology, geology, meteorology, aerial traffic control, among many others. Regarding agriculture, an example of application of this information is regarding crop detection, to monitor existing crops easily and help in the region’s strategic planning. In any of these areas, there is always an ongoing search for better methods that allow us to obtain better results. For over forty years, the Landsat program has utilized satellites to collect spectral information from Earth’s surface, creating a historical archive unmatched in quality, detail, coverage, and length. The most recent one was launched on February 11, 2013, having a number of improvements regarding its predecessors. This project aims to compare classification methods in Portugal’s Ribatejo region, specifically regarding crop detection. The state of the art algorithms will be used in this region and their performance will be analyzed.

Comercialização de energia em mercados em bolsa: simulador multi-agente e análise do impacto da geração variável nos preços diários

O processo de reestruturação do setor elétrico deu origem à criação de diferentes estruturas de mercado, tendo como objetivo o aumento da competitividade e eficiência. Atualmente, a comercialização de energia elétrica pode ser realizada com recurso a mercados em bolsa ou através da celebração de contratos bilaterais. Sendo o mercado em bolsa caraterizado por uma forte volatilidade de preços, e considerando a atribuição de incentivos para o crescimento da geração renovável não controlada, revela-se importante analisar o impacto de níveis elevados de energia eólica sobre os preços do mercado diário. Neste contexto, a presente dissertação tem como principais objetivos estudar e implementar os algoritmos de preço marginal único e preço marginal local, normalmente utilizados no mercado em bolsa, bem como dotar o simuladormultiagente MANREM com um módulo para simular os mercados diário e intradiário, e analisar o impacto de níveis elevados de energia eólica sobre os preços do mercado diário. O estudo detalhado de um caso prático e os resultados obtidos com recurso ao simuladormulti-agente permitiram replicar, em computador, o impacto esperado, sendo possível observar uma redução de preços e uma alteração dos compromissos de produção dos produtores convencionais. O estudo contemplou a simulação do mercado diário com recurso aos algoritmos de preço marginal único e preço marginal local, podendo constatar-se que a ferramenta multi-agente constitui um auxiliar importante à tomada de decisão nos mercados de eletricidade.

The World Health Organization Multi-Professional Patient Safety Curriculum : implementation of key modules and its impact on patient safety knowledge, skills, and attitudes of medical students at the University of Algarve

ABSTRACT - Objectives: We attempted to show how the implementation of the key elements of the World Health Organization Patient Safety Curriculum Guide Multi-professional Edition in an undergraduate curriculum affected the knowledge, skills, and attitudes towards patient safety in a graduate entry Portuguese Medical School. Methods: After receiving formal recognition by the WHO as a Complementary Test Site and approval of the organizational ethics committee , the validated pre-course questionnaires measuring the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to patient safety were administered to the 2nd and3rd year students pursuing a four-year course (N = 46). The key modules of the curriculum were implemented over the academic year by employing a variety of learning strategies including expert lecturers, small group problem-based teaching sessions, and Simulation Laboratory sessions. The identical questionnaires were then administered and the impact was measured. The Curriculum Guide was evaluated as a health education tool in this context. Results: A significant number of the respondents, 47 % (n = 22), reported having received some form of prior patient safety training. The effect on Patient Safety Knowledge was assessed by using the percentage of correct pre- and post-course answers to construct 2 × 2 contingency tables and by applying Fishers’ test (two-tailed). No significant differences were detected (p < 0.05). To assess the effect of the intervention on Patient Safety skills and attitudes, the mean and standard deviation were calculated for the pre and post-course responses, and independent samples were subjected to Mann-Whitney’s test. The attitudinal survey indicated a very high baseline incidence of desirable attitudes and skills toward patient safety. Significant changes were detected (p < 0.05) regarding what should happen if an error is made (p = 0.016), the role of healthcare organizations in error reporting (p = 0.006), and the extent of medical error (p = 0.005). Conclusions: The implementation of selected modules of the WHO Patient Safety Curriculum was associated with a number of positive changes regarding patient safety skills and attitudes, with a baseline incidence of highly desirable patient safety attitudes, but no measureable change on the patient safety knowledge, at the University of Algarve Medical School. The significance of these results is discussed along with implications and suggestions for future research.

Segurança no nível físico em sistemas multi-antena com diretividade na informação

Os sistemas de comunicação sem fios são sistemas de difusão por natureza. Devido a essa sua natureza, um dos problemas inerentes à mesma deve-se à segurança e ao secretismo, pois se o canal é partilhado a informação facilmente é obtida por um utilizador não autorizado, ao contrário dos sistemas de comunicação com fios. Tradicionalmente, a introdução de segurança em sistemas de comunicação, resulta na encriptação da informação, resultante de protocolos de encriptação. No entanto, a segurança através da criptografia baseia-se na premissa de que o utilizador não autorizado tem uma capacidade de processamento limitada, pois senão poderia simplesmente tentar todas as combinações possíveis e obter a chave de encriptação. Como a capacidade de processamento tem crescido exponencialmente, este tipo de sistemas tem se tornado cada vez mais complexos para não se tornarem obsoletos. A introdução de segurança na camada física torna-se então uma opção apelativa pois pode servir como um complemento, visto que os sistemas de criptografia funcionam em camadas superiores independentes da camada fisica, apresentando assim uma abordagem multi-camada em termos de segurança. Tipicamente as técnicas de segurança no nível físico podem se agrupar em 2 tipos: técnicas que se baseiam em códigos, ou técnicas que exploram variações temporais e espaciais do canal. As primeiras diminuem a eficiência espectral do sistema, e as segundas apresentam bons resultados em ambientes dinâmicos, mas em ambientes estáticos não são muito promissores. Há também a necessidade de aumentar as taxas de transmissão nos próximos sistemas de comunicação. Devido a estes requisitos, uma das tecnologias propostas para a nova geração de comunicações, é uma tecnologia baseada numa arquitectura Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output(MIMO). Esta tecnologia é promissora e consegue atingir taxas de transferências que correspondem aos requisitos propostos. Apresenta-se assim uma nova técnica de segurança no nível físico, que explora as caracteristicas físicas do sistema, como um complemento a outras medidas de segurança em camadas mais altas. Esta técnica não provoca diminuição da eficiência espectral e é independente do canal, o que tenta solucionar os problemas das restantes técnicas já existentes.

Understanding multi-asset factor models: Factor exposure interpretation

Field lab: Business project

Fatigue life assessment of endodontic instruments subjected to multi planar curvature

This present study aimed to investigate the fatigue life of unused (new) endodontic instruments made of NiTi with control memory by Coltene™ and subjected to the multi curvature of a mandibular first molar root canal. Additionally, the instrument‟s structural behaviour was analysed through non-linear finite element analysis (FEA). The fatigue life of twelve Hyflex™ CM files was assessed while were forced to adopt a stance with multiple radius of curvature, similar to the ones usually found in a mandibular first molar root canal; nine of them were subjected to Pecking motion, a relative movement of axial type. To achieve this, it was designed an experimental setup with the aim of timing the instruments until fracture while worked inside a stainless steel mandibular first molar model with relative axial motion to simulate the pecking motion. Additionally, the model‟s root canal multi-curvature was confirmed by radiography. The non-linear finite element analysis was conducted using the computer aided design software package SolidWorks™ Simulation, in order to define the imposed displacement required by the FEA, it was necessary to model an endodontic instrument with simplified geometry using SolidWorks™ and subsequently analyse the geometry of the root canal CAD model. The experimental results shown that the instruments subjected to pecking motion displayed higher fatigue life values and higher lengths of fractured tips than those with only rotational relative movement. The finite element non-linear analyses shown, for identical conditions, maximum values for the first principal stress lower than the yield strength of the material and those were located in similar positions to the instrument‟s fracture location determined by the experimental testing results.

Mapping the Pasture Steppe in Bayankhongor, Mongolia: comparison of classification methods, using Landsat-8 and geophysical data

Grasslands in semi-arid regions, like Mongolian steppes, are facing desertification and degradation processes, due to climate change. Mongolia’s main economic activity consists on an extensive livestock production and, therefore, it is a concerning matter for the decision makers. Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems provide the tools for advanced ecosystem management and have been widely used for monitoring and management of pasture resources. This study investigates which is the higher thematic detail that is possible to achieve through remote sensing, to map the steppe vegetation, using medium resolution earth observation imagery in three districts (soums) of Mongolia: Dzag, Buutsagaan and Khureemaral. After considering different thematic levels of detail for classifying the steppe vegetation, the existent pasture types within the steppe were chosen to be mapped. In order to investigate which combination of data sets yields the best results and which classification algorithm is more suitable for incorporating these data sets, a comparison between different classification methods were tested for the study area. Sixteen classifications were performed using different combinations of estimators, Landsat-8 (spectral bands and Landsat-8 NDVI-derived) and geophysical data (elevation, mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature) using two classification algorithms, maximum likelihood and decision tree. Results showed that the best performing model was the one that incorporated Landsat-8 bands with mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature (Model 13), using the decision tree. For maximum likelihood, the model that incorporated Landsat-8 bands with mean annual precipitation (Model 5) and the one that incorporated Landsat-8 bands with mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature (Model 13), achieved the higher accuracies for this algorithm. The decision tree models consistently outperformed the maximum likelihood ones.