51 resultados para optimal scal policy
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The existence of competition policy forces companies to adjust their behaviour. This is also costly. Using a database from a company on contracts, I will try to estimate if a specific competition policy disposition, supply contracts cannot be longer than 60 months, has costs for the coffee suppliers operating in the Portuguese on-trade coffee market. The estimation method used in this paper will be OLS. The results suggest that limiting the duration of exclusivity contracts to 60 months can be harmful to the coffee suppliers and it can even seriously affect the market functioning. Key
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This project the direct rebound effect for the electricity demand in Portugal. While we find evidence of such an effect, the estimations also reflect the institutional arrangement that has characterized the electricity market in the country. Also, issues related to energy efficiency promotion are addressed in general putting into context the case study developed.
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With more than two decades of weak economic performance since the bubble burst in the 90s, the Japanese deflationary scenario has become the economic fate every developed economy fears to become. As the euro area continues to experience sustained low inflation, studying the Japanese monetary policy may shed light on how to prevent persistent deflation. Using an SVAR methodology to understand the monetary transmission mechanism, we find some evidence that the euro area may possess characteristics that would eventually lead to a deflationary scenario. The extent of whether it would suffer the same Japanese fate would depend on how macroeconomic policies are timely coordinated as a response to its liquidity problem and increasing public debt across member states.
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RESUMO: Este estudo procurou documentar a perspectiva (s) dos utentes de sade mental e das associaes de prestadores de cuidados sobre a prestao, o papel e a contribuio de servios de sade mental da comunidade tal como foram percebidos por um nmero de informadores-chave, incluindo os utentes do servio mentais e os prprios prestadores de cuidados. O caso especfico da Sociedade Sade Mental do Gana (MEHSOG) foi o foco deste estudo. O modelo foi o de um estudo de caso, utilizando discusses de grupo e entrevistas com informadores-chave como instrumentos de recolha de dados. Estas ferramentas de colheita de dados foram complementadas por observaes dos participantes e pela reviso de documentos da MEHSOG e dos vrios grupos de apoio da comunidade de auto-ajuda que compem a associao nacional. O estudo revelou que os utentes dos servios de sade mental e seus prestadores de cuidados constituem um importante grupo de partes interessadas na prestao de servios de sade mental da comunidade e no desenvolvimento de polticas que tenham em conta as necessidades e os direitos das pessoas com doena mental ou epilepsia. O envolvimento da MEHSOG promove a mobilizao de membros e famlias relacionadas com a doena mental de beneficiar de servios de tratamento bem organizados com um impacto significativo na melhoria da sade e da participao dos utentes dos servios e seus prestadores de cuidados primrios em processos de tomada de deciso da famlia e na comunidade processos de desenvolvimento. Os utentes dos servios por beneficiarem de tratamento, e os prestadores de cuidados primrios, por se tornarem mais livres e menos sobrecarregados com a responsabilidade de cuidar, podem passar a envolver-se mais em atividades que melhoramo seu estado, o de suas famlias e das comunidades. A advocacia dos membros da MEHSOG para conseguir que a Mental Health Bill se transforme numa Lei foi tambm um desenvolvimento significativo resultante da participao ativa dos utentes do servio em chamar a ateno para uma nova e inclusiva legislao de sade mental para o Gana. Entre os fatores e oportunidades que permitiram aos utentes dos servios de sade mental e aos prestadores de cuidados primrios de pessoas com doena mental apoiar activamente a prestao de servios de sade mental comunitria e o desenvolvimento de polticas conta-se a contribuio da sociedade civil do Gana, particularmente o movimento da deficincia, e os esforos anteriores de ONGs em sade mental e dos profissionais de sade mental para ter uma nova lei em sade mental. Observmos um certo nmero de desafios e barreiras que actuam de forma a limitar a influncia dos utentes dos servios de sade mental na proviso da sade mental comunitria e no desenvolvimento de polticas. Entre elas o estigma social contra a doena mental e pessoas com doena mental ou epilepsia e seus cuidadores primaries um factor chave. O estigma tem alterado a percepo e as anlises do pblico em geral, especialmente dos profissionais de sade e das autoridades polticas afetando a priorizao dos problemas de sade mental nas polticas e programas. Outro desafio foi a deficiente infra-estrutura disponvel para apoiar servios de sade mentais que assegurem aos utentes permanecerem em bom estado de sade e bem-estar para serem advogados de si prprios. A recomendao do presente estudo que os movimentos de utentes dos servios de sade mental so importantes e que eles precisam de ser apoiados e encorajados a desempenhar o seu papel como pessoas com experincia vivida para contribuir para a organizao e prestao de servios de sade mental, bem como para a implementao, monitorizao e avaliao de polticas e programas. ------------------------------------ ABSTRACT: This study sought to document the perspective(s) of mental health users and care-givers associations in community mental health service provision and their role and contribution as it was perceived by a number of key informants including the mental service users and care-givers themselves. The specific case of the Mental Health Society of Ghana (MEHSOG) was the focus of this study. A case study approach was used to with Focus Group Discussions and Key Informants Interviews being the data collection tools that were used. These data collection tools were complemented by participant observations and review of documents of the MEHSOG and the various community self-help peer support groups that make up the national association. The study revealed that mental health service users and their care-givers constitute an important stakeholder group in community mental health service provision and development of policies that factor in the needs and rights of persons with mental illness or epilepsy. MEHSOGs involvement in mobilising members and education families to come forward with the relations with mental illness to benefit from treatment services were well made a significant impact in improving the health and participation of service users and their primary carers in family decision-making processes and in community development processes. Service users, on benefiting from treatment, and primary care-givers, on becoming freer and less burdened with the responsibility of care, move on to engage in secure livelihoods activities, which enhanced their status in their families and communities. The advocacy MEHSOG members undertook in getting the mental health Bill become Law was also noted as significant development that was realised as a result of active involvement of service users in calling for a new and inclusive mental health legislation for Ghana. Enabling factors and opportunities that enabled mental health service users and primary care-givers of people with mental illness to actively support community mental health service provision and policy development is with the vibrant civil society presence in Ghana, particularly the disability movement, and earlier efforts by NGOs in mental health in Ghana long-side mental health professionals to have a new law in mental health. A number of challenges were also noted which were found to limit the extent to which mental health service users can be influential in community mental health service provision and policy development. Key among them was the social stigma against mental illness and people with mental illness or epilepsy and their primary carers. Stigma has affected perceptions, analyses of the general public, especially health practitioners and policy authorities that it has affected their prioritisation of mental health issues in policies and programmes. Another challenge was the poor infrastructure available to support enhanced mental health care services that ensure mental health service users remain in a good state of health and wellbeing to advocate for themselves. The recommendation from the study is that mental health service user movements are important and need to be supported and encouraged to play their role as persons with lived experience to inform organisation and provision of mental health services as well as design and implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programes.
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RESUMO: Santa Lcia pequena ilha de pas em desenvolvimento com recursos limitados e confrontada com uma srie de desafios socioeconmicos que exigem solues criativas e inovadoras. comprovado que a combinao de recursos entre setores para estabelecer os determinantes social, econmico e ambiental da sade so uma estratgia til para melhorar a sade da populao, principalmente a sua sade mental. Este estudo, o primeiro do seu tipo em Santa Lcia, procurou examinar at que ponto a disponibilidade de uma poltica nacional de sade mental levou a ao intersetorial para o fornecimento de servios e promoo da sade mental. Alm disso, o estudo examinou o nvel de colaborao intersetorial que existe entre as agncias que prestam cuidados diretos e servios de suporte para pessoas com doenas mentais e problemas srios de sade mental. O estudo tambm teve como objetivo identificar os fatores que promovem ou dificultam a colaborao intersectorial e gerar recomendaes que possam ser aplicadas para pases muito pequenos e com perfis socioeconmicos semelhantes. Os dados gerados a partir de trs (3) fontes foram sintetizados para formar uma viso ampla das questes. Uma avaliao da poltica de sade mental de 2007, uma avaliao que identifica at que ponto a ao intersetorial atualmente deixa a prestao de servios de sade mental e a administrao de entrevistas semiestruturadas nas mos de gestores do programa de diferentes agncias em todos os setores. O estudo concluiu que, apesar da disponibilidade de uma poltica de sade mental, que articula clara e explicitamente a colaborao intersetorial como rea prioritria para ao, quase no existe no sistema de fornecimento atual do servio. Os provedores de servios em todos os setores reconhecem que h os benefcios da colaborao intersectorial e com entraves significativos em relao colaborao intersetorial, que por sua vez, impede uma abordagem nacional para o planejamento e o fornecimento do servio. A colaborao intersetorial no ser possvel se os prprios setores dependerem da abordagem direta do setor da sade ou se a atmosfera geral for ofuscada pela estigmatizao das doenas mentais.------------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT: Saint Lucia a small island developing country with limited resources, is faced with a number of socio-economic challenges which require creative and innovative solutions to address. Combining resources across sectors to address the social, economic and environmental determinants of health has proven to be a useful strategy for improving population health in particular mental health. This study, the first of its kind for Saint Lucia sought to examine the extent to which the availability of a national mental health policy led to intersectoral action for mental health promotion and service delivery. In addition the study examined the level of intersectoral collaboration which actually exist between agencies which provide direct care and support services to people with mental illnesses and significant mental health problems. The study also aimed to identify the factors which promote or hinder intersectoral collaboration and generate recommendations which can be applied to extremely small countries with similar socio-economic profiles. Data generated from three (3) sources was synthesized to form a broad picture of the issues. An evaluation of the mental health policy of 2007, an assessment of the extent to which intersectoral action currently exist in mental health service delivery and the administration of semi-structured interviews with program managers from different agencies across sectors to identify implementation issues. The study concluded that despite the availability of a mental health policy which clearly and explicitly articulates intersectoral collaboration as a priority area for action, very little exists in the current service delivery system. Services providers across sectors acknowledge the benefits of intersectoral collaboration and that there are significant barriers to intersectoral collaboration, which in turn hinders a national approach to service planning and delivery. Intersectoral collaboration is not possible if sectors themselves are dependent on a top-down health sector driven and dominated approach, or if the general atmosphere is clouded by stigmatization of mental health illnesses.
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Research Masters
