Desenvolvimento de um sensor de ibuprofeno em meio aquoso

A proteção dos recursos hídricos tem uma enorme importância ecológica, sendo a água um recurso indispensável à Vida e fundamental para o bem-estar de uma sociedade. Para isso, muitos dos poluentes que afetam a qualidade deste recurso natural são detetados e eliminados nas estações de tratamento de águas residuais. Porém, o impacto dos Produtos Farmacêuticos e de Cuidado Pessoal (PPCPs), usados à escala global, carece ainda da atenção necessária, dado que os meios técnicos atualmente disponíveis para detetar estes produtos são dispendiosos ou insuficientes. Dentro daquela classe de produtos, destaca-se o Ibuprofeno, uma vez que este composto, sendo lipossolúvel, tem a capacidade para se acumular nas gorduras dos seres vivos e, por conseguinte, persistir no meio-ambiente com efeitos nocivos. Para além desse facto, por diferentes vias de reação, o Ibuprofeno tem potencial para gerar produtos de carácter semelhante. No entanto, pouco esforços têm sido feitos no sentido de o detetar. Assim, pretendeu-se com este projeto desenvolver metodologias com vista à deteção de muito baixas concentrações (entre o nano e o picoMolar) daquele composto em meio aquoso. Foi utilizada a tecnologia de Língua Eletrónica por Espectroscopia de Impedância e, para tentar melhorar a sensibilidade do sensor à molécula-alvo, foram utilizados filmes finos à base de nanotubos de carbono e de diferentes polieletrólitos, preparados pela técnica de Camada-sobre-Camada (LbL, do inglês Layer-by-Layer). A caracterização destes filmes foi feita pela técnica Espectrofotometria na faixa dos Ultravioleta e Visível. Para além da análise de diferentes concentrações de Ibuprofeno, foram ainda analisadas soluções de Cloreto de Sódio, com o intuito de perceber se o sensor é versátil na deteção de outro tipo de compostos, sendo, então, o sal um composto barato e relevante neste âmbito, uma vez que a água na Natureza apresenta sempre alguma salinidade. O trabalho compreendeu ainda o desenvolvimento de um programa informático para automatizar o processo de aquisição dos dados espectrais de impedância, recolhidos pelo analisador HAMEG Programmable LCR Bridge HM8118, o que foi feito com sucesso. Posteriormente, os dados foram tratados pelo procedimento estatístico de Análise de Componentes Principais, que permitiu discriminar espacialmente e sequencialmente as diferentes concentrações dos compostos analisados.

Nanocomposite polymer beads for cell detection

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may induce metastases when detached from the primary tumor. The numbers of these cells in blood offers a valuable prognostic indication. Magnetoresistive sensing is an attractive option for CTC counting. In this technique, cells are labeled with nancomposite polymer beads that provide the magnetic signal. Bead properties such as size and magnetic content must be optimized in order to be used as a detection tool in a magnetoresistive platform. Another important component of the platform is the magnet required for proper sensing. Both components are addressed in this work. Nanocomposite polymer beads were produced by nano-emulsion and membrane emulsification. Formulations of the oil phase comprising a mixture of aromatic monomers and iron oxide were employed. The effect of emulsifier (surfactant) concentration on bead size was studied. Formulations of polydimethilsiloxane (PDMS) with different viscosities were also prepared with nano-emulsion method resulting in colloidal beads. Polycaprolactone (PCL) beads were also synthetized by the membrane emulsification method. The beads were characterized by different techiques such as dynamic light scattering (DLS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, the magnet dimensions of the platform designed to detect CTCs were optimized through a COMSOL multiphysics simulation.

Solution processed quantum dot photodetectors

To find sustainable solutions for the production of energy, it is necessary to create photovoltaic technologies that make every photon count. To pursue this necessity, in the present work photodetectors of zinc oxide embedded with nano-structured materials, that significantly raise the conversion of solar energy to electric energy, were developed. The novelty of this work is on the development of processing methodologies in which all steps are in solution: quantum dots synthesis, passivation of their surface and sol-gel deposition. The quantum dot solutions with different capping agents were characterized by UVvisible absorption spectroscopy, spectrofluorimetry, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The obtained quantum dots have dimensions between 2 and 3nm. These particles were suspended in zinc acetate solutions and used to produce doped zinc oxide films with embedded quantum dots, whose electric response was tested. The produced nano-structured zinc oxide materials have a superior performance than the bulk, in terms of the produced photo-current. This indicates that an intermediate band material should have been produced that acts as a photovoltaic medium for solar cells. The results are currently being compiled in a scientific article, that is being prepared for possible submission to Energy and Environmental Science or Nanoscale journals.

Chitosan-based magnetic nanoparticles for osteosarcoma theranostic

Cancer is a well-known disease with a significant impact in society not only due to its incidence, more evident in more developed countries, but also due to the expenses related to medical treat-ments. Cancer research is considered an increasingly logical science with great potential for the development of new treatment options. Advances in nanomedicine have resulted in rapid devel-opment of nanomaterials with considerable potential in cancer diagnostics and treatment. The combination of diagnosis and treatment in a single nano-platform is named theranostic. In this PhD thesis a theranostic system for osteosarcoma was proposed, composed by a magnetic core, a polymeric coating, and a chemotherapeutic drug. The presence of a specific targeting agent, in this case a monoclonal antibody, provides high specificity to the proposed theranostic system. For the core of the proposed theranostic system, stable aqueous suspensions of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with an average diameter of 9 nm were produced. Chitosan-based poly-meric nanoparticles with a hydrodynamic diameter around 150 nm were successfully produced. Incorporation of iron oxide nanoparticles into the polymeric ones increased their hydrodynamic diameter to at least 250 nm. A monoclonal antibody specific for a transmembranar protein (car-bonic anhydrase IX) present in solid tumors was developed by hybridoma technology. Functional hybridomas producing the desired monoclonal antibodies were obtained. The proposed theranostic system functionality was evaluated in separated parts of its components. Uncoated and coated iron oxide nanoparticles with chitosan-based polymers generated heat under the application of an external alternating magnetic field. Uncoated iron oxide nanoparticles sta-bilized with oleic acid were able to enhance contrast in magnetic resonance imaging. Drug deliv-ery studies were conducted in chitosan-based polymeric nanoparticles without and with the in-corporation of iron oxide nanoparticles, demonstrating to be an effective drug delivery platform for doxorubicin. The theranostic system proposed in this PhD thesis is very promising for cancer theranostic, demonstrating to be applicable in solid tumors such as osteosarcoma.