How to engage low category users through social media- The case of the make-up sector in Portugal

Purpose: This work project should be inevitably deemed as a practical approach to a marketing problem; “How to engage low category users through the social media – the case of the make-up sector in Portugal”. Design/methodology/approach: Online structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews were used. The questionnaire was answered by 110 women aged from 15 to 45 years old and the interviews were conducted with 14 women of the same age. The interviews provided key insights for the questionnaire formulation. Findings: Women are poorly informed on make-up properties and characteristics, feeling a genuine concern in regard to this subject. Lack of time, occasional usage and skin damage are the main barriers for make-up usage by low category users. Overcoming these aspects pass by demystifying the association of make-up with skin damage and emphasise the functional and emotional benefits of make-up. Further, brands need to create contents more consumer-oriented and ask directly to fans/followers suggestions and other insights. Resort to Portuguese “common” women for greater empathy in campaigns, promote online meetings between followers and make-up professionals on social media; and finally take advantage of the hybrid condition of Facebook, which incorporates multiple forms of content presentation, including videos, the most appealing format of make-up presentation for women. Research limitations/implications: Further studies addressing this topic, by using larger samples and study of specific make-up brands and campaign programs, over social media to reach a solid growth potential of make-up market evidences in Portugal. Originality/ value: Make-up brands are emphasising their interest in linking social media and marketing their promotional mix around social marketing.

Estudo técnico-económico de um sistema solar termoelétrico com back-up a biomassa

Este trabalho consistiu no estudo técnico-económico (dimensionamento) de uma central térmica solar de torre norte, com back-up a biomassa (pellets) para produção de energia elétrica. A partir da plataforma PVGIS obteve-se a irradiação normal direta, DNI, da região do Alentejo, Portugal, segundo critérios descritos na secção 3.1. O valor anual obtido foi de 2319 !"ℎ/%&, valor este que foi convertido em energia elétrica, obtendo-se, assim, um montante de 105.761.800 kWh por ano, em 25 anos. Estas importâncias foram obtidas através dos equipamentos que constituem a central, entre eles o campo solar (composto por 2067 helióstatos com área total de 188097 %&), a torre (convertendo a concentração da DNI para energia térmica ao fluído de transferência de calor, HTF), o bloco de potência (composta por permutador de calor, turbina, gerador elétrico e outros) e com ajuda de uma caldeira a biomassa (pellets) que consome cerca de 24.001,23 toneladas de pellets por ano. O estudo económico foi realizado num modelo executável no Excel, calculando, assim, o custo total do sistema, 138.515.886,87 €. A partir deste valor calcularam-se os indicadores económicos (Valor Atualizado Líquido, VAL=-12.282540,28 €) com uma tarifa bonificada de 0,22114 €/kWh, que indica que o sistema termo solar com back-up a biomassa (pellets) não é viável economicamente (e o mesmo acontece com o sistema termo solar sem a biomassa). O dimensionamento técnico do sistema CSP de torre é feito a partir de um modelo matemático executado em Excel e MatLab e pelo software System Advisor Model, SAM e o da caldeira a pellets é concretizado também no Excel. Os resultados do modelo matemático foram comparados com os valores obtidos no SAM para o mês típico de julho comprovando, assim, as fórmulas e conceitos contidos no estado da arte. Realizou-se, também, uma comparação dos valores anuais do sistema obtidos no SAM com os valores reais da Gemasolar (em Espanha), demonstrando então a veracidade dos valores obtidos no dimensionamento feito para Portugal.

Control of a white organic light emitting diode’s emission parameters using a single doped RGB active layer

White Color tuning is an attractive feature that Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) offer. Up until now, there hasn’t been any report that mix both color tuning abilities with device stability. In this work, White OLEDs (W-OLEDs) based on a single RGB blend composed of a blue emitting N,N′-Di(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (NPB) doped with a green emitting Coumarin-153 and a red emitting 4-(Dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM1) dyes were produced. The final device structure was ITO/Blend/Bathocuproine (BCP)/ Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminium (Alq3)/Al with an emission area of 0.25 cm2. The effects of the changing in DCM1’s concentration (from 0.5% to 1% wt.) allowed a tuning in the final white color resulting in devices capable of emitting a wide range of tunes – from cool to warm – while also keeping a low device complexity and a high stabilitty. Moreover, an explanation on the optoelectrical behavior of the device is presented. The best electroluminescense (EL) points toward 160 cd/m2 of brightness and 1.1 cd/A of efficiency, both prompted to being enhanced. An Impedance Spectroscopy (IS) analysis allowed to study both the effects of BCP as a Hole Blocking Layer and as an aging probe of the device. Finally, as a proof of concept, the emission was increased 9 and 64 times proving this structure can be effectively applied for general lighting.

Quadrature generators based on ring oscillators and shift registers

Quadrature oscillators are key elements in modern radio frequency (RF) transceivers and very useful nowadays in wireless communications, since they can provide: low quadrature error, low phase-noise, and wide tuning range (useful to cover several bands). RC oscillators can be fully integrated without the need of external components (external high Q-inductors), optimizing area, cost, and power consumption. The conventional structure of ring oscillator offers poor frequency stability and phasenoise, low quality factor (Q), and besides being vulnerable to process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations, its performance degrades as the frequency of operation increases. This thesis is devoted to quadrature oscillators and presents a detailed comparative study of ring oscillator and shift register (SR) approaches. It is shown that in SRs both phase-noise and phase error are reduced, while ring oscillators have the advantage of occupying less area and less consumption due to the reduced number of components in the circuit. Thus, although ring oscillators are more suitable for biomedical applications, SRs are more appropriate for wireless applications, especially when specification requirements are more stringent and demanding. The first architecture studied consists in a simple CMOS ring oscillator employing an odd number of static single-ended inverters as delay cells. Subsequently, the quadrature 4-stage ring oscillator concept is shown and post-layout simulations are presented. The 3 and 4-phase single-frequency local oscillator (LO) generators employing SRs are presented, the latter with 50% and 25% duty-cycles. The circuits operate at 600 MHz and 900 MHz, and were designed in a 130 nm standard CMOS technology with a voltage supply of 1.2 V.