Cellulose micro/nano fibers conformational effects probed by nematic liquid crystal droplets

Probing micro-/nano-sized surface conformations, which are ubiquitous in biological systems, by using liquid crystal droplets, which change their ordering and optical appearance in response to the presence of more than ten times smaller cellulose based micro/nano fibers, might find new uses in a range of biological environments and sensors. Previous studies indicate that electrospun micro/nano cellulosic fibers produced from liquid crystalline solutions could present a twisted form [1]. In this work, we study the structures of nematic liquid crystal droplets threaded by cellulose fibers prepared from liquid crystalline and isotropic solutions as well as droplets pierced by spider-made fibers [2]. Planar anchoring at the fibers and planar and homeotropic at the drop surfaces allowed probing cellulose fibers different helical structures as well as aligned filaments.

Desenvolvimento de um sensor colorimétrico em papel para a deteção de bactérias eletroquimicamente ativas

Bactérias eletroquimicamente ativas possuem a capacidade de transferir eletrões extracelularmente, durante a respiração celular. Esta característica tem sido atualmente explorada para aplicação na produção de eletricidade, tratamento de águas residuais, biorremediação e em diversas áreas da biotecnologia, onde a transferência eletrónica ocorre na presença de aceitadores insolúveis (tais como, óxidos metálicos e ânodos metálicos). Contudo, o número de espécies identificadas, isoladas e caracterizadas até à data é bastante reduzido. Os métodos atualmente disponíveis para deteção de bactérias eletroquimicamente ativas são morosos, dispendiosos e complexos de operar, tornando-se necessário o desenvolvimento de outros métodos mais rápidos, simples e menos dispendiosos que auxiliem na otimização das aplicações mencionadas. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um sensor colorimétrico de papel utilizando um material eletrocrómico, trióxido de tungsténio, como camada ativa para a deteção destas bactérias. Para isso, foram definidos no papel poços delimitados por barreiras hidrofóbicas, através da impressão e difusão de uma camada de cera. As várias amostras de nanopartículas de WO3, sintetizadas por um método hidrotermal assistido por micro-ondas, foram depositadas nos poços por drop casting. As nanopartículas com estrutura cristalográfica hexagonal, impregnadas no sensor de papel, foram capazes de detetar com sucesso uma bactéria eletroquimicamente ativa, Geobacter sulfurreducens, desde uma fase de crescimento bastante inicial (Abs600 nm = 0,1, correspondente a 0,07 g/L com um rácio RGB de 1,10 ± 0,040) até à fase exponencial-tardia (Abs600 nm = 0,5, correspondente a 0,33 g/L com um rácio RGB de 1,33 ± 0,005), com P <0,0001. O sensor de papel e respetivo método de deteção colorimétrico desenvolvido neste trabalho, revelou ser sensível e específico à deteção destas bactérias, de uma forma rápida, simples e pouco dispendiosa.

Experimental and modeling studies on reverse electrodialysis for sustainable power generation

A potentially renewable and sustainable source of energy is the chemical energy associated with solvation of salts. Mixing of two aqueous streams with different saline concentrations is spontaneous and releases energy. The global theoretically obtainable power from salinity gradient energy due to World’s rivers discharge into the oceans has been estimated to be within the range of 1.4-2.6 TW. Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is one of the emerging, membrane-based, technologies for harvesting the salinity gradient energy. A common RED stack is composed by alternately-arranged cation- and anion-exchange membranes, stacked between two electrodes. The compartments between the membranes are alternately fed with concentrated (e.g., sea water) and dilute (e.g., river water) saline solutions. Migration of the respective counter-ions through the membranes leads to ionic current between the electrodes, where an appropriate redox pair converts the chemical salinity gradient energy into electrical energy. Given the importance of the need for new sources of energy for power generation, the present study aims at better understanding and solving current challenges, associated with the RED stack design, fluid dynamics, ionic mass transfer and long-term RED stack performance with natural saline solutions as feedwaters. Chronopotentiometry was used to determinate diffusion boundary layer (DBL) thickness from diffusion relaxation data and the flow entrance effects on mass transfer were found to avail a power generation increase in RED stacks. Increasing the linear flow velocity also leads to a decrease of DBL thickness but on the cost of a higher pressure drop. Pressure drop inside RED stacks was successfully simulated by the developed mathematical model, in which contribution of several pressure drops, that until now have not been considered, was included. The effect of each pressure drop on the RED stack performance was identified and rationalized and guidelines for planning and/or optimization of RED stacks were derived. The design of new profiled membranes, with a chevron corrugation structure, was proposed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. The performance of the suggested corrugation geometry was compared with the already existing ones, as well as with the use of conductive and non-conductive spacers. According to the estimations, use of chevron structures grants the highest net power density values, at the best compromise between the mass transfer coefficient and the pressure drop values. Finally, long-term experiments with natural waters were performed, during which fouling was experienced. For the first time, 2D fluorescence spectroscopy was used to monitor RED stack performance, with a dedicated focus on following fouling on ion-exchange membrane surfaces. To extract relevant information from fluorescence spectra, parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) was performed. Moreover, the information obtained was then used to predict net power density, stack electric resistance and pressure drop by multivariate statistical models based on projection to latent structures (PLS) modeling. The use in such models of 2D fluorescence data, containing hidden, but extractable by PARAFAC, information about fouling on membrane surfaces, considerably improved the models fitting to the experimental data.

Engineering of metal oxide nanoparticles for application in electrochemical devices

The growing demand for materials and devices with new functionalities led to the increased inter-est in the field of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies. Nanoparticles, not only present a reduced size as well as high reactivity, which allows the development of electronic and electrochemical devices with exclusive properties, when compared with thin films. This dissertation aims to explore the development of several nanostructured metal oxides by sol-vothermal synthesis and its application in different electrochemical devices. Within this broad theme, this study has a specific number of objectives: a) research of the influence of the synthesis parameters to the structure and morphology of the nanoparticles; b) improvement of the perfor-mance of the electrochromic devices with the application of the nanoparticles as electrode; c) application of the nanoparticles as probes to sensing devices; and d) production of solution-pro-cessed transistors with a nanostructured metal oxide semiconductor. Regarding the results, several conclusions can be exposed. Solvothermal synthesis shows to be a very versatile method to control the growth and morphology of the nanoparticles. The electrochromic device performance is influenced by the different structures and morphologies of WO3 nanoparticles, mainly due to the surface area and conductivity of the materials. The dep-osition of the electrochromic layer by inkjet printing allows the patterning of the electrodes without wasting material and without any additional steps. Nanostructured WO3 probes were produced by electrodeposition and drop casting and applied as pH sensor and biosensor, respectively. The good performance and sensitivity of the devices is explained by the high number of electrochemical reactions occurring at the surface of the na-noparticles. GIZO nanoparticles were deposited by spin coating and used in electrolyte-gated transistors, which promotes a good interface between the semiconductor and the dielectric. The produced transistors work at low potential and with improved ON-OFF current ratio, up to 6 orders of mag-nitude. To summarize, the low temperatures used in the production of the devices are compatible with flexible substrates and additionally, the low cost of the techniques involved can be adapted for disposable devices.