Towards an algorithmic skeleton framework for programming the Intel R Xeon PhiTM processor

The Intel R Xeon PhiTM is the first processor based on Intel’s MIC (Many Integrated Cores) architecture. It is a co-processor specially tailored for data-parallel computations, whose basic architectural design is similar to the ones of GPUs (Graphics Processing Units), leveraging the use of many integrated low computational cores to perform parallel computations. The main novelty of the MIC architecture, relatively to GPUs, is its compatibility with the Intel x86 architecture. This enables the use of many of the tools commonly available for the parallel programming of x86-based architectures, which may lead to a smaller learning curve. However, programming the Xeon Phi still entails aspects intrinsic to accelerator-based computing, in general, and to the MIC architecture, in particular. In this thesis we advocate the use of algorithmic skeletons for programming the Xeon Phi. Algorithmic skeletons abstract the complexity inherent to parallel programming, hiding details such as resource management, parallel decomposition, inter-execution flow communication, thus removing these concerns from the programmer���s mind. In this context, the goal of the thesis is to lay the foundations for the development of a simple but powerful and efficient skeleton framework for the programming of the Xeon Phi processor. For this purpose we build upon Marrow, an existing framework for the orchestration of OpenCLTM computations in multi-GPU and CPU environments. We extend Marrow to execute both OpenCL and C++ parallel computations on the Xeon Phi. We evaluate the newly developed framework, several well-known benchmarks, like Saxpy and N-Body, will be used to compare, not only its performance to the existing framework when executing on the co-processor, but also to assess the performance on the Xeon Phi versus a multi-GPU environment.

SDAR: a package for plotting and analyzing stratigraphy data in R

Stratigraphic Columns (SC) are the most useful and common ways to represent the eld descriptions (e.g., grain size, thickness of rock packages, and fossil and lithological components) of rock sequences and well logs. In these representations the width of SC vary according to the grain size (i.e., the wider the strata, the coarser the rocks (Miall 1990; Tucker 2011)), and the thickness of each layer is represented at the vertical axis of the diagram. Typically these representations are drawn 'manually' using vector graphic editors (e.g., Adobe Illustrator��, CorelDRAW®, Inskape). Nowadays there are various software which automatically plot SCs, but there are not versatile open-source tools and it is very di cult to both store and analyse stratigraphic information. This document presents Stratigraphic Data Analysis in R (SDAR), an analytical package1 designed for both plotting and facilitate the analysis of Stratigraphic Data in R (R Core Team 2014). SDAR, uses simple stratigraphic data and takes advantage of the exible plotting tools available in R to produce detailed SCs. The main bene ts of SDAR are: (i) used to generate accurate and complete SC plot including multiple features (e.g., sedimentary structures, samples, fossil content, color, structural data, contacts between beds), (ii) developed in a free software environment for statistical computing and graphics, (iii) run on a wide variety of platforms (i.e., UNIX, Windows, and MacOS), (iv) both plotting and analysing functions can be executed directly on R's command-line interface (CLI), consequently this feature enables users to integrate SDAR's functions with several others add-on packages available for R from The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN).

Identificação dos agentes de deterioração e cálculo da magnitude de risco para a reserva da Colecção Sequeira

A Fundação Robinson, em Portalegre, adquiriu em 2006 uma colecção de arte sacra com um historial muito peculiar, e desde então tem vindo a trabalhar neste espólio, com o objetivo de o preservar, promovendo a sua conservação, estudo e divulgação. Apenas uma pequena percentagem de peças ser�� restaurada e exposta, permanecendo a maioria em reserva. Durante o ultimo ano procedeu-se à avaliação das condições da sala de reserva, cujos resultados se apresentam neste trabalho. Foi caracterizada a coleção, o edifício onde se encontra a sala de reserva e as condições desta mesma sala. Para avaliar os riscos a que a coleção está sujeita foram identificando os agentes de deterioração - for��as físicas, fogo, água, ação criminosa, pragas, contaminantes, luz visível e radiação ultravioleta, temperatura incorreta e humidade relativa incorreta e dissociação por negligência, e a ação específica de cada um destes agentes na coleção. Com o objetivo de elaborar um plano de mitigação para cada um dos riscos específicos encontrados realizou-se o cálculo da sua magnitude, recorrendo à metodologia desenvolvida por Robert Waller, o que permitiu estabelecer uma escala de prioridades relativamente à urgência de intervenção. Os resultados desta avaliação de risco permitiram traçar um plano de atuação, baseado em decisões bem informadas de forma a rentabilizar os recursos existentes, apontando métodos de mitigação para reduzir as perdas, de forma a melhorar as condições de conservação deste espólio.

Overcoming the “European Paradox”: The role of Regional Innovation Systems (RIS) in translating R&D investments into economic and employment growth

The emergence of the so-called “European Paradox” shows that R&D investment is not maximally effective and that increasing the scale of public R&D expenditures is not sufficient to generate employment and sustained economic growth. Increasing Governmental R&D Investment is far from being a “panacea” for stagnant growth. It is worth noting that Government R&D Investment does not have a statistically significant impact on employment, indicating the need to assess the trade-offs of policies that could lead to significant increases in government expenditure. Surprisingly, Governmental R&D Employment does not contribute to “mass-market” employment, despite its quite important role in reducing Youth-Unemployment. Despite the negative side-effects of Governmental R&D Employment on both GVA and GDP, University R&D Employment appears to have a quite important role in reducing Unemployment, especially Youth-Unemployment, while it also does not have a downside in terms of economic growth. Technological Capacity enhancement is the most effective instrument for reducing Unemployment and is a policy without any downside regarding sustainable economical development. In terms of wider policy implications, the results reinforce the idea that European Commission Research and Innovation policies must be restructured, shifting from a transnational framework to a more localised, measurable and operational approach.

Estudo de implementação da NP EN ISO 22000:2005 na Cooperativa de Olivicultores de Fátima, C. R.L.

O conceito de “Segurança Alimentar��� faz sentido no momento em que o ser humano tem consciência de que o que ingere deve ser inócuo para a sua saúde e bem-estar. Para dar resposta a esta preocupação global, a indústria alimentar teve necessidade de adotar diretrizes orientadoras para a produção de alimentos seguros. Em consequência disso, surgiram as normas para os Sistemas de Gestão da Segurança Alimentar (SGSA) e a sua implementação é hoje em dia um elemento fundamental para a competitividade da empresa e dos produtos que comercializa. O trabalho desenvolvido na presente dissertação visa o estudo da implementação de um Sistema de Gestão da Segurança Alimentar com base no referencial de certificação NP EN ISO 22000:2005, na Cooperativa de Olivicultores de Fátima C. R. L.. A implementação de um sistema de gestão e a sua posterior certificação, é uma mais-valia para uma empresa. Ao obter a certificação, obtêm-se reconhecimento e satisfação dos clientes e outras partes interessadas, melhoria da imagem e prestigio, acesso a novos mercados, redução de custos de funcionamento através da melhoria do desempenho operacional e uma nova cultura com a sensibilização e motivação dos colaboradores, orientada para a melhoria continua e para a satisfação dos clientes e outras partes interessadas. Tendo por base os Códigos de Boas-pr��ticas e HACCP existentes, fez-se a revisão e atualização de todo o sistema. Reapreciou-se o processo de fabrico e reavaliaram-se os pontos cr��ticos. Reviram-se os Programas Pr��-requisitos e melhorou-se o sistema HACCP. Os SGSA têm uma elevada relevância nas organizações associadas ao sector alimentar também nas indústrias produtoras de azeite, uma vez que estas devem implementar metodologias capazes de assegurar que os perigos para a saúde dos consumidores são eliminados ou reduzidos a níveis aceitáveis. Os principais perigos na indústria do azeite numa fase inicial são a presença de microrganismos patogénicos e parasitas da azeitona (Ex.: Bactrocera oleae) que se podem desenvolver devido ao excessivo tempo de espera até à operação ou por temperaturas inadequadas, podendo este perigo ser resolvido através do controlo na receção, de fornecedores, e do tempo de operação; boas pr��ticas de fabrico e formação do pessoal. A presença de folhas, terra, pedras e metais diversos é outro dos perigos mais frequentes que são contornados através do controlo na receção; inspeção visual; avaliação dos fornecedores, limpeza e lavagem das azeitonas. Ao longo da produção e embalamento os principais perigos são os resíduos de produtos de higienização, incorporação de partículas estranhas ou restos de sujidade e a contaminação química por resíduos de massas e óleos de lubrificação, perigos estes que são colmatados através de boas pr��ticas de fabrico; plano de higiene e de manutenção dos equipamentos e do uso de lubrificantes homologados para a indústria alimentar.

Biotransformation/separation routes to obtain pure enantiomers

The objective of the work presented in this thesis was the development of an innovative approach for the separation of enantiomers of secondary alcohols, combining the use of an ionic liquid (IL) - both as solvent for conducting enzymatic kinetic resolution and as acylating agent - with the use of carbon dioxide (CO2) as solvent for extraction. Menthol was selected for testing this reaction/separation approach due to the increasing demand for this substance, which is widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industries. With a view to using an ionic ester as acylating agent, whose conversion led to the release of ethanol, and due to the need to remove this alcohol so as to drive reaction equilibrium forward, a phase equilibrium study was conducted for the ehtanol/(±)-menthol/CO2 system, at pressures between 8 and 10 MPa and temperatures between 40 and 50 oC. It was found that CO2 is more selective towards ethanol, especially at the lowest pressure and highest temperature tested, leading to separation factors in the range 1.6-7.6. The pressure-temperature-composition data obtained were correlated with the Peng-Robinson equation of state and the Mathias-Klotz-Prausnitz mixing rule. The model fit the experimental results well, with an average absolute deviation (AAD) of 3.7 %. The resolution of racemic menthol was studied using two lipases, namely lipase from Candida rugosa (CRL) and immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB), and two ionic acylating esters. No reaction was detected in either case. (R,S)-1-phenylethanol was used next, and it was found that with CRL low, nonselective, conversion of the alcohol took place, whereas CALB led to an enantiomeric excess (ee) of the substrate of 95%, at 30% conversion. Other acylating agents were tested for the resolution of (±)-menthol, namely vinyl esters and acid anhydrides, using several lipases and varying other parameters that affect conversion and enantioselectivity, such as substrate concentration, solvent and temperature. One such acylating agent was propionic anhydride. It was thus performed a phase equilibrium study on the propionic anhydride/CO2 system, at temperatures between 35 and 50 oC. This study revealed that, at 35 oC and pressures from 7 MPa, the system is monophasic for all compositions. The enzymatic catalysis studies carried out with propionic anhydride revealed that the extent of noncatalyzed reaction was high, with a negative effect on enantioselectivity. These studies showed also that it was possible to reduce considerably the impact of the noncatalyzed reaction relative to the reaction catalyzed by CRL by lowering temperature to 4 oC. Vinyl decanoate was shown to lead to the best results at conditions amenable to a process combining the use of supercritical CO2 as agent for post-reaction separation. The use of vinyl decanoate in a number of IL solvents, namely [bmim][PF6], [bmim][BF4], [hmim][PF6], [omim][PF6], and [bmim][Tf2N], led to an enantiomeric excess of product (eep) values of over 96%, at about 50% conversion, using CRL. In n-hexane and supercritical CO2, reaction progressed more slowly.(...)