Constraint reasoning with local search for continuous optimization

Optimization is a very important field for getting the best possible value for the optimization function. Continuous optimization is optimization over real intervals. There are many global and local search techniques. Global search techniques try to get the global optima of the optimization problem. However, local search techniques are used more since they try to find a local minimal solution within an area of the search space. In Continuous Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CCSP)s, constraints are viewed as relations between variables, and the computations are supported by interval analysis. The continuous constraint programming framework provides branch-and-prune algorithms for covering sets of solutions for the constraints with sets of interval boxes which are the Cartesian product of intervals. These algorithms begin with an initial crude cover of the feasible space (the Cartesian product of the initial variable domains) which is recursively refined by interleaving pruning and branching steps until a stopping criterion is satisfied. In this work, we try to find a convenient way to use the advantages in CCSP branchand- prune with local search of global optimization applied locally over each pruned branch of the CCSP. We apply local search techniques of continuous optimization over the pruned boxes outputted by the CCSP techniques. We mainly use steepest descent technique with different characteristics such as penalty calculation and step length. We implement two main different local search algorithms. We use “Procure”, which is a constraint reasoning and global optimization framework, to implement our techniques, then we produce and introduce our results over a set of benchmarks.

Atores num Mundo Global: a análise do ciclo de vida e o processo de avaliação de impacte ambiental como instrumento de apoio à tomada de decisão

O tema da presente dissertação inscreve-se na complexa problemática da informação de suporte à tomada de decisão de infraestruturas básicas, com destaque para as denominadas “Trans European Networks – TENS”, infraestruturas de transportes, energia e telecomunicações. Tais processos de decisão, para além das abordagens mais comuns utilizadas nos Estudos de Impacte Ambiental (EIA), podem (devem?) considerar outras perspetivas assentes em considerações de impactes no ciclo de vida, em concreto a Análise do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), e integrar abordagens de procura de sustentabilidade nas vertentes económicas, ambiental e social. Aí chegados, estaremos mais próximos das estradas com melhor desempenho ambiental. A importância do tema firma-se na constatação da ansiedade e expectativas que normalmente envolvem os processos de decisão deste tipo de infraestruturas, principalmente quando as pessoas tomam conhecimento (1) que a sua concretização pode gerar impactes negativos no ambiente, de forma não limitada ao espaço local onde se inserem, mas antes causando efetivos danos ambientais a uma escala mais global. Nestas circunstâncias é comum sobrevirem processos de tensão entre as necessidades locais, promotoras dos empreendimentos, e as dinâmicas globais, conflitos que podem ser evitados, ou pelo menos atenuados, na medida em que os respetivos processos de decisão sejam mais informados e mais esclarecidos e esclarecedores da opinião pública. Não há dúvida que este género de projetos/empreendimentos/infraestruturas serão tendencialmente mais bem aceites pela Sociedade na medida em que sejam vistos local, regional e globalmente, como “ambientes construídos” que se baseiam na eficiência dos recursos e em princípios ecológicos saudáveis, que contribuem para o desenvolvimento económico, para a melhoria das condições de vida das populações e para a coesão social e territorial.Para um processo de decisão ser convenientemente instruído, é crucial que realce todos estes aspetos perante a sociedade. A estrutura adotada no trabalho articula uma primeira parte de embasamento teórico, com uma segunda parte que experiencia o estudo de um caso concreto, a abordagem de sustentabilidade na procura de uma estrada com satisfatório desempenho ambiental.

Shiva's dance: Crisis, local institutions and private firms

The uneven spatial distribution of start-ups and their respective survival may reflect comparative advantages resulting from the local institutional background. For the first time, we explore this idea using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to assess the relative efficiency of Portuguese municipalities in this specific context. We depart from the related literature where expenditure is perceived as a desirable input by choosing a measure of fiscal responsibility and infrastructural variables in the first stage. Comparing results for 2006 and 2010, we find that mean performance decreased substantially 1) with the effects of the Global Financial Crisis, 2) as municipal population increases and 3) as financial independence decreases. A second stage is then performed employing a double-bootstrap procedure to evaluate how the regional context outside the control of local authorities (e.g. demographic characteristics and political preferences) impacts on efficiency.

The global radar applied to the precision farming sector

The case describes the development of MyFARM’s internationalization plan, a service of Deimos Engenharia, under the GloCal Radar. This space engineering company hired Lisbon Consulting Company to undertake the project to overcome its lack of market orientation. The consultants’ analysis revealed Stevens County, Kansas, as the market with the highest potential for MyFARM. A suitable entry strategy and adaptation of the service for the local market was proposed. The case culminates with the Board of Directors discussing the viability of implementing the consultants’ recommendations to start diversifying their sources of revenue streams.

How do global born companies ignite their internationalization and survive in international markets?

Over the last decades, the born global firms or the international new ventures (“INVs”) have assumed a growing role in international business, including in Portugal. The rise of this new type of multinational has challenged several theories concerning the development of multinational companies and the origin of companies’ competitive advantage. This qualitative, case-based research explores the most relevant traits shown by some Portuguese born-global firms. More concretely, the aim of this work is to compare some Portuguese international new ventures in order to understand the role of leadership, culture and strategy in their rapid internationalization and the source of their lasting competitive advantage. It was noticed that these firms’ lasting competitive advantage results from a singular combination of resources and dynamic capabilities that evolves over time. Moreover, it was found that these firms’ foreign subsidiaries and local networks may be essential to enhance the firms competitive advantage as it provides each firm a distinctive source of knowledge and capabilities. As a consequence, the effective assimilation of such resources and capabilities in these firms’ may become crucial for their lasting success. In addition, the leadership, strategy and culture in these firms seem to be quite aligned and form a quite virtuous cycle that contributed to the firms rapid internationalization and for the way the firms developed their own resources and dynamic capabilities and adapted to external environment.

Development of a global IT charging model for BASF Group

With ‘GS Strategy 2025’ BASF Business Services GmbH was formed to centrally steer all IT related topics of BASF group. Thus, a global charging system has to be designed, which complies to international transfer price regulations and the strategy of BASF SE. This work project develops a charging system with a following evaluation. The direct charging system benefits from its cost transparency upsides but comes with a higher administrative effort due to volume-based charging. In contrast, the indirect charging system convinces because of easy handling, which is the result of the application of suitable allocation keys. Regarding the complex group structure of BASF SE with more than 300 legal entities in 80 countries, the lower administrative effort of the indirect charging system outweighs the benefits of the direct charging model and should be used by BASF group.