Characterization of processed materials by electrical currents: development of equipment and applications

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Predictive analytical and numerical modeling for orthogonal cutting

In this thesis, a predictive analytical and numerical modeling approach for the orthogonal cutting process is proposed to calculate temperature distributions and subsequently, forces and stress distributions. The models proposed include a constitutive model for the material being cut based on the work of Weber, a model for the shear plane based on Merchants model, a model describing the contribution of friction based on Zorev’s approach, a model for the effect of wear on the tool based on the work of Waldorf, and a thermal model based on the works of Komanduri and Hou, with a fraction heat partition for a non-uniform distribution of the heat in the interfaces, but extended to encompass a set of contributions to the global temperature rise of chip, tool and work piece. The models proposed in this work, try to avoid from experimental based values or expressions, and simplifying assumptions or suppositions, as much as possible. On a thermo-physical point of view, the results were affected not only by the mechanical or cutting parameters chosen, but also by their coupling effects, instead of the simplifying way of modeling which is to contemplate only the direct effect of the variation of a parameter. The implementation of these models was performed using the MATLAB environment. Since it was possible to find in the literature all the parameters for AISI 1045 and AISI O2, these materials were used to run the simulations in order to avoid arbitrary assumption.

Hole cleaning performance monitoring during the drilling of directional wells

During drilling operation, cuttings are produced downhole and must be removed to avoid issues which can lead to Non Productive Time (NPT). Most of stuck pipe and then Bottom-Hole Assembly (BHA) lost events are hole cleaned related. There are many parameters which help determine hole cleaning conditions, but a proper selection of the key parameters will facilitate monitoring hole cleaning conditions and interventions. The aim of Hole Cleaning Monitoring is to keep track of borehole conditions including hole cleaning efficiency and wellbore stability issues during drilling operations. Adequate hole cleaning is the one of the main concerns in the underbalanced drilling operations especially for directional and horizontal wells. This dissertation addresses some hole cleaning fundamentals which will act as the basis for recommendation practice during drilling operations. Understand how parameters such as Flowrate, Rotation per Minute (RPM), Rate of Penetration (ROP) and Mud Weight are useful to improve the hole cleaning performance and how Equivalent Circulate Density (ECD), Torque & Drag (T&D) and Cuttings Volumes coming from downhole help to indicate how clean and stable the well is. For case study, hole cleaning performance or cuttings volume removal monitoring, will be based on real-time measurements of the cuttings volume removal from downhole at certain time, taking into account Flowrate, RPM, ROP and Drilling fluid or Mud properties, and then will be plotted and compared to the volume being drilled expected. ECD monitoring will dictate hole stability conditions and T&D and Cuttings Volume coming from downhole monitoring will dictate how clean the well is. T&D Modeling Software provide theoretical calculated T&D trends which will be plotted and compared to the real-time measurements. It will use the measured hookloads to perform a back-calculation of friction factors along the wellbore.

Impulsos de terras sobre estruturas de suporte: aplicação de modelos dos estados críticos

Os modelos de comportamento de solos que aplicam a teoria da mecânica dos solos dos estados críticos são uma importante base para a compreensão do comportamento dos solos e uma ferramenta que permite, de uma forma simples, ter em conta aspetos do comportamento que os mo-delos muito básicos não permitem. Neste trabalho compara-se, com recurso aos programas de cálculo geotécnico PLAXIS e CRISP, a utilização de dois modelos - um elástico-perfeitamente plástico (modelo Mohr-Coulomb) e outro baseado nos estados críticos (modelo Cam-Clay Modificado) - na determina-ção das pressões e dos impulsos de terras sobre estruturas de suporte rígidas. Comparam-se também os resultados numéricos com os obtidos com métodos analíticos. Exceto para casos mais complexos (utilizando simultaneamente solo sobreconsolidado e pa-ramento rugoso), os impulsos ativos e passivos obtidos com o modelo Cam-Clay Modificado são se-melhantes aos obtidos com o modelo Mohr-Coulomb e com os métodos analíticos, concluindo-se que o modelo avançado modela satisfatoriamente a rotura do solo. Este modelo apresenta inclusive aspetos interessantes, como o desenvolvimento, em alguns casos em que se utiliza solo sobreconsolidado, de uma resistência de pico, que se evidencia no aparecimento de um impulso de pico. No entanto, na utilização do modelo deve ter-se em atenção alguns aspetos, nomeadamente a forma como se obtém o seu parâmetro de resistência,