17 resultados para Condition-based maintenance
Resumo:
All over the world, many earth buildings are deteriorating due to lack of maintenance and repair. Repairs on rammed earth walls are mainly done with mortars, by rendering application; however, often the repair is inadequate, resorting to the use of incompatible materials, including cement-based mortars. It has been observed that such interventions, in walls that until that day only had presented natural ageing issues, created new problems, much more dangerous for the building than the previous ones, causing serious deficiencies in this type of construction. One of the problems is that the detachment of the new cement-based mortar rendering only occurs after some time but, until that occurrence, degradations develop in the wall itself. When the render detaches, instead of needing only a new render, the surface has to be repaired in depth, with a repair mortar. Consequently, it has been stablished that the renders, and particularly repair mortars, should have physical, mechanical and chemical properties similar to those of the rammed earth walls. This article intends to contribute to a better knowledge of earth-based mortars used to repair the surface of rammed earth walls. The studied mortars are based on four types of earth: three of them were collected from non-deteriorated parts of walls of unstabilized rammed earth buildings located in Alentejo region, south of Portugal; the fourth is a commercial earth, consisting mainly of clay. Other components were also used, particularly: sand to control shrinkage; binders stabilizers such as dry hydrated air-lime, natural hydraulic lime, Portland cement and natural cement; as well as natural vegetal fibers (hemp fibers). The experimental analysis of the mortars in the fresh state consisted in determining the consistency by flow table and the bulk density. In the hardened state, the tests made it possible to evaluate the following properties: linear and volumetric shrinkage; capillary water absorption; drying capacity; dynamic modulus of elasticity; flexural and compressive strength.
Resumo:
RESUMO: Nos pases desenvolvidos a lombalgia a condio msculo-esqueltica mais prevalente. Quando evolui para um quadro crnico responsvel por um encargo econmico bastante considervel, no s em relao aos indivduos, mas tambm para a sociedade. A lombalgia crnica por isso uma das principais causas de perda de produtividade e de perda de independncia econmica, nomeadamente atravs do absentesmo (ausncia do trabalho), do presentesmo (perda de produtividade no trabalho, devido capacidade diminuda provocada pela lombalgia) e da incapacidade para trabalhar (invalidez permanente, total ou parcial). At data, em Portugal, a prevalncia e carga social da lombalgia crnica eram desconhecidas. At agora no existiam estudos populacionais de grande dimenso sobre este tema. O objetivo principal desta tese foi determinar a prevalncia de lombalgia crnica, e tambm avaliar a carga social que esta tem na populao adulta Portuguesa. O trabalho de investigao foi desenvolvido no mbito do Estudo Epidemiolgico de Doenas Reumticas em Portugal (EpiReumaPt). Este foi o primeiro estudo de larga escala e de base populacional, que determinou a prevalncia de doenas reumticas e msculo- esquelticas na populao adulta portuguesa. Foi realizado numa amostra aleatria e representativa, de 10.661 indivduos do Continente, da Regio Autnoma dos Aores e da Regio Autnoma da Madeira, entre Setembro de 2011 e Dezembro de 2013. Esta tese foi dividida em duas seces. A primeira seco incluiu o detalhe das questes relativas ao desenvolvimento e gesto do EpiReumaPt, constituindo-se como um guia prtico sobre como realizar um estudo de base populacional de larga escala, em Portugal. A metodologia detalhada do EpiReumaPt foi tambm descrita nesta seco e incluiu os objectivos, o desenho do estudo, as caractersticas de recrutamento e a preparao de dados para anlise. Nesta seco foram ainda descritos os principais resultados do EpiReumaPt. Estes evidenciaram que a lombalgia foi a condio msculo-esqueltica com maior prevalncia na populao adulta portuguesa.A segunda seco desta tese estimou a prevalncia da lombalgia crnica ativa na populao adulta Portuguesa, e avaliou a carga social esta condio. A lombalgia ativa foi definida com base na dor auto-relatada no dia da entrevista e que persistia h pelo menos 90 dias (independentemente da causa). A lombalgia foi definida como dor na rea definida entre a margem inferior das dcimas segundas costelas at s pregas glteas inferiores, com ou sem dor nos membros inferiores. A carga social foi medida tendo em conta os seguintes parmetros: qualidade de vida, funo, consumo de recursos de sade, consumo de analgsicos e outros frmacos usados no alvio da dor, sintomas de ansiedade e sintomas de depresso. Os resultados mostraram que o consumo de recursos em sade e a carga social da lombalgia crnica na populao adulta Portugus significativa. Tambm a incapacidade causada pela lombalgia crnica,nos indivduos com idade ativa, responsvel por elevadas taxas de absentesmo e m qualidade de vida, aos quais acresce o consequente nus socioeconmico. Esta tese tambm concluiu que o consumo de analgsicos e outros medicamentos para alvio da dor, na populao adulta portuguesa com lombalgia crnica ativa, relativamente baixa. A maioria destes indivduos no tomava nenhum medicamento analgsico, independentemente da intensidade da dor. Mesmo os indivduos que reportaram dor intensa, apenas 4.0% estavam no primeiro degrau da escada analgsica da Organizao Mundial de Sade; 2.3% usavam opiides fracos e 0.03% usavam opiides fortes para controlar a dor (segundo e terceiro degrau da escada analgsica da Organizao Mundial da Sade). O trabalho de investigao tambm confirmou que a prevalncia de sintomas de ansiedade e depresso entre os indivduos adultos portugueses com lombalgia crnica ativa elevada. Nestes indivduos, registou-se um consumo mais elevado de analgsicos e outros medicamentos para alvio da dor, quando comparados com os indivduos com lombalgia crnica activa sem esses sintomas psicolgicos. Os grupos teraputicos mais utilizados foram os ansiolticos, sedativos e hipnticos, os antidepressivos e os anti-inflamatrios no esterides. A intensidade mdia da dor reportada foi tambm maior entre os indivduos com lombalgia ativa e sintomas de ansiedade e/ou depresso. Tambm nestes, foi reportada pior funo e pior estado de sade. Em relao ao consumo de recursos de sade foram encontradas diferenas significativas entre as duas populaes: os indivduos com lombalgia ativa e sintomas psicolgicos concomitantes registaram maior nmero de consultas de psiquiatria de outras especialidades mdicas, assim como precisaram de mais apoio domicilirio nos 12 meses prvios entrevista do EpiReumaPt. Foram tambm identificados os fatores associados a sintomas isolados de ansiedade, a sintomas isolados de depresso e a sintomas de ansiedade e depresso. Resumindo,esta tese permitiu concluir que a lombalgia crnica um problema de sade comum na populao adulta portuguesa, contribuindo para um elevado grau de incapacidade e que consequentemente afeta o desempenho laboral e o bem-estar dos indivduos. A lombalgia crnica tambm responsvel por um consumo considervel de recursos de sade. Acresce ainda que os sintomas de ansiedade e depresso so comuns, entre os indivduos com lombalgia crnica, contribuindo com uma carga social adicional.---------------------------------- ABSTRACT:Low Back Pain(LBP) is the most prevalent of musculoskeletal condition in developed countries.When it becomes chronic, LBP causesan enormous economic burden on individuals and society - it is one of the leading causes of loss of productivity and economic independence through absenteeism (time off work), presenteeism (lost productivity because of diminished capacity while at work) and work disability (permanent, partial or complete disablement for work purposes). In Portugal the prevalence and burden of LBP and chronic LBP (CLBP) were poorly defined. Until now no large population-based studies have focused on this. The main aim of this thesis was to determine the prevalence of LBP and CLBP, and also to assess the burden of CLBP in the adult rtuguese population. The research work was developed under the scope of EpiReumaPt (the Portuguese Epidemiologic Study of Rheumatic Diseases). EpiReumaPt was the first national large population-based and prevalence study of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMD). It was performed among a randomized and representative sample of 10,661 adult Portuguese subjects recruited in Mainland, Azores and Madeira Islands, from September 2011 to December 2013. The first section of this thesis included detailed issues regarding the development and management of EpiReumaPt, and provided a practical guide on how to set-up a large population-based study in Portugal. The detailed methodology of EpiReumaPt, including its objectives,study design,recruitment features,and data preparation for analyses were also described. The main results from EpiReumaPt study were provided in this section and showed that LBP was the musculoskeletal condition with highest prevalence among Portuguese population. The second section of this thesis estimated the prevalence of active CLBP among adult Portuguese population, and assessed the social burden of this condition. Active CLBP was defined based on self-reported pain on the day of the interview, and for most of the time for at least 90 days (independently from cause). LBP was defined as pain in the back area from the lower margin of the twelfth ribs to he lower gluteal folds, with or without pain referred to the lower limbs. Social burden was measured taking into account the following outcomes: quality of life, function, healthcare resources consumption, analgesic and other pain relief drugs intake, anxiety and depression symptoms. Results showed that the healthcare consumption and social burden of CLBP among adult Portuguese population were enormous, and the disability caused by CLBP among subjects in a working age provides high rates of absenteeism (work loss) and poor quality of life, with a consequent socioeconomic burden. This thesis also concluded that analgesic and other pain relief drugs untake among adult Portuguese population with active CLBP was very low. Most of the subjects with active CLBP did not take any analgesic drug regardless pain severity. Even when subjects self-reported severe pain, only 24.0% were in the 1st step of the analgesic ladder,2.3% used weak analgesic opioids and 0.03% used strong opioids (2nd and 3rd step of WHO analgesic ladder, respectively) to control pain . The research work also confirmed that the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms among adult Portuguese subjects with active CLBP was high. Regarding pharmacological therapy, the intake of analgesic and other pain relief drugs was higher among subjects with anxiety and/or depression symptoms, when compared with subjects without these psychological symptoms. Anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics, antidepressants and NSAIDs intake had higher usage rates among these subjects. The pain severity mean was also higher among this subjects and function and health status was worse. Regarding healthcare resources consumption,significant differences between the two populations were found. Subjects with ctive CLBP and concomitant psychological symptoms had a higher number of psychiatrist and other physician visits. They also needed more home care in the previous 12 months. Factors associated with isolated symptoms of anxiety, depression,and concomitant anxiety and depression symptoms were also identified. Summarizing, we concluded that CLBP is a common health problem among adult Portuguese population contributing to disability and affecting labor performance, and the well being of subjects. it is also responsible for considerable healthcare resource consumption. Anxiety and depression symptoms are common among subjects with CLBP and provided an additional burden among them.
