61 resultados para -monoidal categories
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The definition and programming of distributed applications has become a major research issue due to the increasing availability of (large scale) distributed platforms and the requirements posed by the economical globalization. However, such a task requires a huge effort due to the complexity of the distributed environments: large amount of users may communicate and share information across different authority domains; moreover, the execution environment or computations are dynamic since the number of users and the computational infrastructure change in time. Grid environments, in particular, promise to be an answer to deal with such complexity, by providing high performance execution support to large amount of users, and resource sharing across different organizations. Nevertheless, programming in Grid environments is still a difficult task. There is a lack of high level programming paradigms and support tools that may guide the application developer and allow reusability of state-of-the-art solutions. Specifically, the main goal of the work presented in this thesis is to contribute to the simplification of the development cycle of applications for Grid environments by bringing structure and flexibility to three stages of that cycle through a commonmodel. The stages are: the design phase, the execution phase, and the reconfiguration phase. The common model is based on the manipulation of patterns through pattern operators, and the division of both patterns and operators into two categories, namely structural and behavioural. Moreover, both structural and behavioural patterns are first class entities at each of the aforesaid stages. At the design phase, patterns can be manipulated like other first class entities such as components. This allows a more structured way to build applications by reusing and composing state-of-the-art patterns. At the execution phase, patterns are units of execution control: it is possible, for example, to start or stop and to resume the execution of a pattern as a single entity. At the reconfiguration phase, patterns can also be manipulated as single entities with the additional advantage that it is possible to perform a structural reconfiguration while keeping some of the behavioural constraints, and vice-versa. For example, it is possible to replace a behavioural pattern, which was applied to some structural pattern, with another behavioural pattern. In this thesis, besides the proposal of the methodology for distributed application development, as sketched above, a definition of a relevant set of pattern operators was made. The methodology and the expressivity of the pattern operators were assessed through the development of several representative distributed applications. To support this validation, a prototype was designed and implemented, encompassing some relevant patterns and a significant part of the patterns operators defined. This prototype was based in the Triana environment; Triana supports the development and deployment of distributed applications in the Grid through a dataflow-based programming model. Additionally, this thesis also presents the analysis of a mapping of some operators for execution control onto the Distributed Resource Management Application API (DRMAA). This assessment confirmed the suitability of the proposed model, as well as the generality and flexibility of the defined pattern operators
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Trabalho realizado sob orientao do Prof. Antnio Brando Moniz para a disciplina Factores Sociais da Inovao do Mestrado Engenharia Informtica realizado na Faculdade de Cincias e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa
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Resumo Poltica(s) de sade no trabalho: um inqurito sociolgico s empresas portuguesas A literatura portuguesa sobre polticas, programas e actividades de Segurana, Higiene e Sade no Trabalho (abreviadamente, SH&ST) ainda escassa. Com este projecto de investigao pretende-se (i) colmatar essa lacuna, (ii) melhorar o conhecimento dos sistemas de gesto da sade e segurana no trabalho e (iii) contribuir para a proteco e a promoo da sade dos trabalhadores. Foi construda uma tipologia com cinco grupos principais de polticas, programas e actividades: A (Higiene & Segurana no Trabalho / Melhoria do ambiente fsico de trabalho); B (Avaliao de sade / Vigilncia mdica / Prestao de cuidados de sade); C (Preveno de comportamentos de risco/ Promoo de estilos de vida saudveis); D (Intervenes a nvel organizacional / Melhoria do ambiente psicossocial de trabalho); E (Actividades e programas sociais e de bem-estar). Havia uma lista de mais de 60 actividades possveis, correspondendo a um ndice de realizao de 100%. Foi concebido e desenhado, para ser auto-administrado, um questionrio sobre Poltica de Sade no Local de Trabalho. Foram efectuados dois mailings, e um follow-up telefnico. O trabalho de campo decorreu entre a primavera de 1997 e o vero de 1998. A amostra (n=259) considerada representativa das duas mil maiores empresas do pas. Uma em cada quatro uma multinacional. A taxa de sindicalizao rondava os 30% da populao trabalhadora, mas apenas 16% dos respondentes assinalou a existncia de representantes dos trabalhadores eleitos para a SH&ST. A hiptese de investigao principal era a de que as empresas com um sistema integrado de gesto da SH&ST seriam tambm as empresas com um (i) maior nmero de polticas, programas e actividades de sade; (ii) maior ndice de sade; (iii) maior ndice de realizao; e (iv) maior percentagem dos encargos com a SH&ST no total da massa salarial. As actividades de tipo A e B, tradicionalmente associadas SH&ST, representavam, s por si, mais de 57% do total. Os resultados, correspondentes s respostas da Seco C do questionrio, apontam, para (i) a hipervalorizao dos exames de medicina do trabalho; e por outro para (ii) o subaproveitamento de um vasto conjunto de actividades (nomeadamente as de tipo D e E), que so correntemente levadas a cabo pelas empresas e que nunca ou raramente so pensadas em termos de proteco e promoo da sade dos trabalhadores. As actividades e os programas de tipo C (Preveno de comportamentos de risco/Promoo de estilos de vida saudveis), ainda eram as menos frequentes entre ns, a seguir aos Programas sociais e de bem-estar (E). a existncia de sistemas de gesto integrados de SH&ST, e no o tamanho da empresa ou outra caracterstica sociodemogrfica ou tcnico-organizacional, que permite predizer a frequncia de polticas de sade mais activas e mais inovadores. Os trs principais motivos ou razes que levam as empresas portuguesas a investir na proteco e promoo da sade dos seus trabalhadores eram, por ordem de frequncia, (i) o absentismo em geral; (ii) a produtividade, qualidade e/ou competitividade, e (iii) a filosofia de gesto ou cultura organizacional. Quanto aos trs principais benefcios que so reportados, surge em primeiro lugar (i) a melhoria da sade dos trabalhadores, seguida da (ii) melhoria do ambiente do ambiente de trabalho e, por fim, (iii) a melhoria da produtividade, qualidade e/ou competitividade.Quanto aos trs principais obstculos que se pem, em geral, ao desenvolvimento das iniciativas de sade, eles seriam os seguintes, na percepo dos respondentes: (i) a falta de empenho dos trabalhadores; (ii) a falta de tempo; e (iii) os problemas de articulao/ comunicao a nvel interno. Por fim, (i) o empenho das estruturas hierrquicas; (ii) a cultura organizacional propcia; e (iii) o sentido de responsabilidade social surgem, destacadamente, como os trs principais factores facilitadores do desenvolvimento da poltica de sade no trabalho. Tantos estes factores como os obstculos so de natureza endgena, susceptveis portanto de controlo por parte dos gestores. Na sua generalidade, os resultados deste trabalho pem em evidncia a fraqueza tericometodolgica de grande parte das iniciativas de sade, realizadas na dcada de 1990. Muitas delas seriam medidas avulsas, que se inserem na gesto corrente das nossas empresas, e que dificilmente podero ser tomadas como expresso de uma poltica de sade no local de trabalho, (i) definida e assumida pela gesto de topo, (ii) socialmente concertada, (iii) coerente, (iv) baseada na avaliao de necessidades e expectativas de sade dos trabalhadores, (v) divulgada, conhecida e partilhada por todos, (vi) contingencial, flexvel e integrada, e, por fim, (vii) orientada por custos e resultados. Segundo a Declarao do Luxemburgo (1997), a promoo da sade engloba o esforo conjunto dos empregadores, dos trabalhadores, do Estado e da sociedade civil para melhorar a segurana, a sade e o bem-estar no trabalho, objectivo isso que pode ser conseguido atravs da (i) melhoria da organizao e das demais condies de trabalho, da (ii) participao efectiva e concreta dos trabalhadores bem como do seu (iii) desenvolvimento pessoal. Abstract Health at work policies: a sociological inquiry into Portuguese corporations Portuguese literature on workplace health policies, programs and activities is still scarce. With this research project the author intends (i) to improve knowledge on the Occupational Health and Safety (shortly thereafter, OSH) management systems and (ii) contribute to the development of health promotion initiatives at a corporate level. Five categories of workplace health initiatives have been identified: (i) Occupational Hygiene and Safety / Improvement of Physical Working Environment (type A programs); (ii) Health Screening, Medical Surveillance and Other Occupational Health Care Provision (type B programs); (iii) Preventing Risk Behaviours / Promoting Healthy Life Styles (type C programs); (iv) Organisational Change / Improvement of Psycho-Social Working Environment (type D programs); and (v) Industrial and Social Welfare (type E programs). A mail questionnaire was sent to the Chief Executive Officer of the 1500 largest Portuguese companies, operating in the primary and secondary sectors ( 100 employees) or tertiary sector ( 75 employees). Response rate has reached about 20% (259 respondents, representing about 300 companies). Carried out between Spring 1997 and Summer 1998, the fieldwork has encompassed two direct mailings and one phone follow-up. Sample is considered to be representative of the two thousand largest companies. One in four is a multinational. Union membership rate is about 30%, but only 16% has reported the existence of a workers health and safety representative. The most frequent workplace health initiatives were those under the traditional scope of the OSH field (type A and B programs) (57% of total) (e.g., Periodical Medical Examinations; Individual Protective Equipment; Assessment of Working Ability). In SMEs (< 250) it was less likely to find out some time-consuming and expensive activities (e.g., Training on OSH knowledge and skills, Improvement of environmental parameters as ventilation, lighting, heating).There were significant differences in SMEs, when compared with the larger ones ( 250) concerning type B programs such as Periodical medical examinations, GP consultation, Nursing care, Other medical and non-medical specialities (e.g., psychiatrist, psychologist, ergonomist, physiotherapist, occupational social worker). With regard to type C programs, there were a greater percentage of programs centred on Substance abuse (tobacco, alcohol, and drug) than on Other health risk behaviours. SMEs representatives reported very few prevention- oriented programs in the field of Drug abuse, Nutrition, Physical activity, Off- job accidents, Blood pressure or Weight control. Frequency of type D programs included Training on Human Resources Management, Training on Organisational Behaviour, Total Quality Management, Job Design/Ergonomics, and Workplace rehabilitation. In general, implementation of this type of programs (Organisational Change / Improvement of Psychosocial Working Environment) is not largely driven by health considerations. Concerning Industrial and Social Welfare (Type E programs), the larger employers are in a better position than SMEs to offer to their employees a large spectrum of health resources and facilities (e.g., Restaurant, Canteen, Resting room, Transport, Infra-structures for physical activity, Surgery, Complementary social protection, Support to recreational and cultural activities, Magazine or newsletter, Intranet). Other workplace health promotion programs like Training on Stress Management, Employee Assistance Programs, or Self-help groups are uncommon in the Portuguese worksites. The existence of integrated OSH management systems, not the company size, is the main variable explaining the implementation of more active and innovative workplace health policies in Portugal. The three main prompting factors reported by employers for health protection and promotion initiatives are: (i) Employee absenteeism; (ii) Productivity, quality and/or competitiveness; and (iii) Corporate culture/management philosophy. On the other hand, (i) Improved staffs health, (ii) Improved working environment and (iii) Improved productivity, quality and/or competitiveness were the three main benefits reported by companies representatives, as a result of successful implementation of workplace health initiatives. (i) Lack of staff commitment; (ii) Lack of time; and (iii) Problems of co-operation and communication within company or establishment (iii) are perceived to be the main barriers companies must cope with. Asked about the main facilitating factors, these companies have pointed out the following ones: (i) Top management commitment; (ii) Corporate culture; and (iii) Sense of social responsibility. This sociological research report shows the methodological weaknesses of workplace health initiatives, carried out by Portuguese companies during the last 90s. In many cases, these programs and actions were not part of a corporate health strategy and policy, (i) based on the assessment of workers health needs and expectancies, (ii) advocated by the employer or the chief executive officer, (ii) planned and implemented with the staff consultation and participation or (iv) evaluated according to a cost-benefit analysis. In short, corporate health policy and action were still rather based on more traditional OSH approaches and should be reoriented towards Workplace Health Promotion (WHP) approach. According to the Luxembourg Declaration of Workplace Health Promotion in the European Union (1997), WHP is a combination of: (i) improving the work organisation and environment; (ii) promoting active participation; (iii) encouraging personal development.Rsume Politique(s) de sant au travail: une enqute sociologique aux entreprises portugaises Au Portugal on ne sait presque rien des politiques de sant au travail, adopts par les entreprises. Avec ce projet de recherche, on veut (i) amliorer la connaissance sur les systmes de gestion de la sant et de la scurit au travail et, au mme temps, (ii) contribuer au dveloppement de la promotion de la sant des travailleurs. Une typologie a t use pour identifier les politiques, programmes et actions de sant au travail: A. Amlioration des conditions de travail / Scurit au travail; B. Mdecine du travail /Sant au travail; C. Prvention des comportements de risque / Promotion de styles de vie sains; D. Interventions organisationnelles / Amlioration des facteurs psychosociaux au travail; E. Gestion de personnel et bien-tre social. Un questionnaire postal a t envoy au reprsentant maximum des grandes entreprises portugaises, industrielles ( 100 employs) ou des services ( 75 employs). Le taux de rponse a t environ 20% (259 rpondants, concernant trois centaines dentreprises et dtablissements). La recherche de champ, conduite du printemps 1997 lt 1998, a compris deux enqutes postales et un follow-up tlphonique. Lchantillon est reprsentatif de la population des deux miles plus grandes entreprises. Un quart sont des multinationales. Le taux de syndicalisation est denviron 30%. Toutefois, il y a seulement 16% de lieux de travail avec des reprsentants du personnel pour la sant et scurit au travail. Les initiatives de sant au travail les plus communes sont celles concernant le domaine plus traditionnel (types A et B) (57% du total): par exemple, les examens de mdecine du travail, lquipement de protection individuelle, les tests daptitude au travail. En ce qui concerne les programmes de type C, les plus frquents sont le contrle et la prvention des addictions (tabac, alcool, drogue). Les interventions dans le domaine de du systme technique et organisationnelle du travail peuvent comprendre les courses de formation en gestion de ressources humaines ou en psychosociologie des organisations, lergonomie, le travail post ou la gestion de la qualit totale. En gnral, la protection et la promotion de la sant des travailleurs ne sont pas prises en considration dans limplmentation des initiatives de type D. Il y a des diffrences quand on compare les grandes entreprises et les moyennes en matire de politique de gestion du personnel e du bien-tre (programmes de type E, y compris lallocation de ressources humaines ou logistiques comme, par exemple, restaurant, journal dentreprise, transports, installations et quipements sportifs). Dautres activits de promotion de la sant au travail comme la formation en gestion du stress, les programmes d assistance aux employs, ou les groupes de soutien et dauto-aide sont encore trs peu frquents dans les entreprises portugaises. Cest le systme intgr de gestion de la sant et de la scurit au travail, et non pas la taille de lentreprise, qui aide prdire lexistence de politiques actives et innovatrices dans ce domaine. Les trois facteurs principaux qui encouragent les actions de sant (prompting factors, en anglais) sont (i) labsentisme (y compris la maladie), (ii) les problmes lis la productivit, qualit et/ou la comptitivit, et aussi (iii) la culture de lentreprise/philosophie de gestion. Du cot des bnfices, on a obtenu surtout lamlioration (i) de la sant du personnel, (ii) des conditions de travail, et (iii) de la productivit, qualit et/ou comptitivit.Les facteurs qui facilitent les actions de sant au travail sont (i) lengagement de la direction, (ii) la culture de lentreprise, et (iii) le sens de responsabilit sociale. Par contre, les obstacles surmonter, selon les organisations qui ont rpondu au questionnaire, seraient surtout (i) le manque dengagement des travailleurs et de leur reprsentants, (ii) le temps insuffisant, et (iii) les problmes de articulation/communication au niveau interne de lentreprise/tablissement. Ce travail de recherche sociologique montre la faiblesse mthodologique des services et activits de sant et scurit au travail, mis en place par les entreprises portugaises dans les annes de 1990, la suite des accords de concertation sociale de 1991. Dans beaucoup de cas, (i) ces politiques de sant ne font pas partie encore dun systme intgr de gestion, (ii) il na pas dvaluation des besoins et des expectatives des travailleurs, (iii) cest trs bas ou inexistant le niveau de participation du personnel, (iv) on ne fait pas danalyse cot-bnfice. On peut conclure que les politiques de sant au travail sont plus proches de la mdecine du travail et de la scurit au travail que de la promotion de la sant des travailleurs. Selon la Dclaration du Luxembourg sur la Promotion de la Sant au Lieu de Travail dans la Communaut Europenne (1997), celle-ci comprend toutes les mesures des employeurs, des employs et de la socit pour amliorer l'tat de sant et le bien tre des travailleurs e ceci peut tre obtenu par la concentration des efforts dans les domaines suivants: (i) amlioration de l'organisation du travail et des conditions de travail ; (ii) promotion d'une participation active des collaborateurs ; (iii) renforcement des comptences personnelles .
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Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies
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O crescente reconhecimento das limitaes das crianas com multideficincia e deficincia visual, quer nas interaces com os parceiros quer de uma forma geral nos ambientes em que se inserem, motivou este estudo, que pretendeu analisar o nvel de participao destas crianas em actividades na escola. Considerando a importncia de contribuir com informao para orientaes na interveno educativa de crianas com MDVI, realizou-se um estudo que analisa o seu comportamento e envolvimento em actividades da escola. Para a realizao deste estudo, observaram-se os comportamentos de trs crianas com MDVI, com idades compreendidas entre os 9 e os 10 anos, em trs ambientes da escola, nomeadamente a sala de aula, o refeitrio e o recreio, e em trs actividades (pintura, jogos, almoo, saltar corda, andar de baloio e subir escadas) de forma a analisar o seu envolvimento e limitaes nas actividades. Na anlise dos dados das observaes foram identificadas quatro categorias de participao: Inicia, Perde Oportunidade, Inicia com Apoio e Comportamento Potencialmente Comunicativo, registando-se valores que permitiram encontrar caractersticas dos comportamentos das crianas observadas, assim como o seu nvel de participao em actividades na escola. Os resultados do estudo permitiram verificar que a participao das crianas em actividades est condicionada pelos ambientes em que esto envolvidas, e no pelas problemticas que cada criana apresenta.----------------------------------------ABSTRACT: The motivation of this study is the increasing knowledge and awareness of children who have multiple disabilities and a visual impairment (MDVI) and the limitation with their peer interactions and in general. The purpose of this study was to analyze the participation level of children with MDVI in school activities. Considering the importance of contributing with guidelines for educational intervention with children with MDVI, we did a study that analyzes the behavior and the level of participation of MDVI children in school activities. In this research study we observed the behavior of three children with MDVI, of 9/10 years old, in three different environments at school; the classroom, the canteen and the playground, and in different activities (painting, playing games, having lunch, skipping rope, etc), in order to analyze their participation and their activity limitations in the activities referred. Data analysis identified four categories of participation: Initiation; Missed Opportunities; Initiation with support and Potentially communicative behavior. Results of data analysis allowed us to find out characteristics of childrens behavior, as well as their level of participation in activities. The main findings of this research allowed us to verify that the childs engagement in activities depends on the environments where they are located and not on their disability.
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RESUMO: Com o presente estudo pretendemos identificar a sobrecarga resultante do envolvimento familiar com os doentes portadores de VIH/SIDA. Numa breve introduo terica, procedemos reviso dos conceitos sobrecarga familiar e dos sentimentos/emoes vivenciados pelos prestadores de cuidados. Metodologia: Estudo do tipo descritivo e exploratrio, com uma amostra de 51 indivduos, cuja finalidade consiste na caracterizao dos prestadores de cuidados familiares a doentes com VIH/SIDA. Objectivos: Identificar quem o doente com VIH/SIDA, considera ser a pessoa significativa nos cuidados informais. Caracterizar, do ponto de vista scio-demogrfico, os doentes e os prestadores de cuidados familiares. Identificar sentimentos e emoes de vivncias, que justifiquem o sofrimento emocional e as repercusses na sobrecarga familiar nos prestadores de cuidados informais. Instrumentos: Na avaliao da sobrecarga familiar, utilizmos o Questionrio de Problemas Familiares- FPQ (Family Problemas Questionnaire). Para identificao dos Acontecimentos de Vida, adoptmos a escala de Holmes e Rahe (Life Events); Para identificao do estrato social escolhemos escala de Graffar. Finalmente, para a caracterizao scio-demografica concebemos dois questionrios: um dirigido aos doentes e o outro aos prestadores de cuidados informais. Concluses: A sobrecarga da doena VIH/SIDA, nos prestadores de cuidados familiares, no uniforme nas diferentes dimenses. A dimenso sobrecarga subjectiva superior objectiva. O suporte social revela-se fraco, relacionado com as perdas familiares, devidas a morte, pelas relaes familiares disfuncionais, entre os membros da famlia, pela falta de apoio e informao dos tcnicos de sade. O sexo feminino predominante nos cuidadores. As mes e esposas so o grau de parentesco dominante. Os solteiros so o grupo mais afectado pelo VIH/SIDA. Os cuidadores apresentam idade superior dos doentes. O estrato social preponderante o mdio baixo e o baixo. Os familiares, apesar da atitude negativa dos doentes perante os cuidadores, mantm-se envolvidos. Segundo a avaliao multiaxial proposta pelo DM-IV, constatmos, ao nvel do eixo I, sintomatologia clnica do tipo das perturbaes depressivas e perturbaes da ansiedade. No eixo IV, os cuidadores evidenciam problemas psicossociais e ambientais, nomeadamente nas categorias problemas com o grupo de apoio primrio, problemas relacionados como grupo social, problemas educacionais, problemas de alojamento, problemas econmicos. Os problemas relacionados com o grupo de apoio primrio, so os que mais parecem contribuir para os problemas psicossociais e ambientais.---------------------------------------ABSTRACT: This study wants to describe several problems as a result of the familys relationship with HIV/AIDS patients, like overload. In a brief theoric introduction, we made a small revision about the concepts of familys overload, and feelings or emotions that have been lived by the people who provide cares to the patients with this chronic disease. Methodology: This is a describing and exploratory study, with a sample with 51 individuals, with the aim to characterize the people inside the family who give care HIV/AIDS patients. Aim: To identify who are the most important people in informal cares from the patient perspective. To characterize, in a social-demographic point of view, patients and the people who take care of them. To identify feelings and emotions that could explain an emotional suffer, and some causes in the family burden. Means: to evaluate the familys overload we used the Family Problems Questionnaire (FPQ). To identify life events we adopted the Holmes and Rahe scale. To identify the social stratum we used the Graffer scale. Finally to do a socio-economic characterization we did two kinds of questionnaire, the first one was directed for the patients, and the second one was chosen for the people who give care. Conclusions: The HIV/AIDS disease burden on the people who takes familiar cares isnt uniform on several areas that we studied. The subjective overload it is superior to the objective. The social support is weak and poor, and related with family losses by dead, dysfunctional family relationships, and the lack of support and information by the medical staff. Mothers and wives are the dominant relative degree. And the singles are the major group with HIV/AIDS disease. The people who take care are usually older than the sick. The major social status is low or medium-low. The relatives keep evolved though the negative attitude of the sick. According with the evaluation multiaxial proposed by the DM-IV, in axle 1 we note clinic sintomatologic belonging to the type depressive perturbations and perturbations of the anxiety. Regarding with axle IV the caretakers show up psycho-social and environmental problems, namely on the categories: problems with the primary support group and problems related as social group, educational problems, accommodation problems and.
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RESUMO - No contexto econmico actual, os custos pelos acidentes devem ser tidos em conta por todos os gestores das organizaes, com especial destaque ao sector da sade. Assim a anlise econmica deste estudo visa alertar para o impacto econmico dos acidentes de trabalho em contexto hospitalar e sensibilizar os gestores para a anlise do custo-beneficio da preveno. Existem custos facilmente constatveis, tais como, o tempo perdido no dia do acidente, quer pelo sinistrado quer pelos colegas de trabalho que o assistem, as despesas de uma ida ao servio de urgncia, a paragem da produo, a formao de mo-de-obra alternativa, a substituio dos trabalhadores, o pagamento de horas extras, o restabelecimento dos trabalhadores, os salrios pagos aos trabalhadores sinistrados, as despesas administrativas e o aumento do prmio do seguro, entre outros. Existem outros custos que no so to evidentes e por conseguinte, dificilmente quantificveis, como o caso da deteriorao da imagem da empresa e o impacto sentimental que estes provocam nos colegas de trabalho que se traduz em quebras de produtividade. A anlise econmica foi realizada tendo em conta a definio de vrias variveis, de vrias rubricas de custos pertencentes ao mesmo domnio. Neste projecto pretende-se analisar o custo global da sinistralidade segundo trs pticas distintas. A ptica da variabilidade, da imputabilidade e da responsabilidade, de forma a ser possvel obter o custo marginal devido ocorrncia de um novo acidente, o montante de custos assumidos pelas empresas e os custos unitrios segundo a natureza e a localizao da leso. ---------- ABSTRACT - In the current economic context, the costs originated by labour accidents must be taken in account by all the managers of the organisations, in this case, especially by the health sector. Thus, the economic analysis of this study case aims, to alert for the economic impact of the industrial accidents and motivate the managers for the analysis of the cost-benefit for prevention. There are kinds of costs easily quantified such as, the lost time in the day of the accident, expenses in the urgencies service, production interruption, workforce formation, workers substitution, extra work payment, employers healing, wages paid to injured workers, administrative expenses and a biggest insurers prime, among other things. The economic analysis of the labour injuries, was developed taking in account the definition of some variables, of some cost categories which belong to same domain. In this project we pretend to analyse the global cost labour injuries according to three distinct optics: variability, imputability and responsibility. Thus, it became possible to get the cost due to an occurrence of a new accident, the unitary sum of costs assumed by the companies and costs according to nature and the localisation of the injury.
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RESUMO:A depresso clnica uma patologia do humor, dimensional e de natureza crnica, evoluindo por episdios heterogneos remitentes e recorrentes, de gravidade varivel, correspondendo a categorias nosolgicas porventura artificiais mas clinicamente teis, de elevada prevalncia e responsvel por morbilidade importante e custos sociais crescentes, calculando-se que em 2020 os episdios de depresso major constituiro, em todo o mundo, a segunda causa de anos de vida com sade perdidos. Como desejvel, na maioria dos pases os cuidados de sade primrios so a porta de entrada para o acesso recepo de cuidados de sade. Cerca de 50% de todas as pessoas sofrendo de depresso acedem aos cuidados de sade primrios mas apenas uma pequena proporo correctamente diagnosticada e tratada pelos mdicos prestadores de cuidados primrios apesar dos tratamentos disponveis serem muito efectivos e de fcil aplicabilidade. A existncia de dificuldades e barreiras a vrios nveis doena, doentes, mdicos, organizaes de sade, cultura e sociedade contribuem para esta generalizada ineficincia de que resulta uma manuteno do peso da depresso que no tem sido possvel reduzir atravs das estratgias tradicionais de organizao de servios. A equipa comunitria de sade mental e a psiquiatria de ligao so duas estratgias de interveno com desenvolvimento conceptual e organizacional respectivamente na Psiquiatria Social e na Psicossomtica. A primeira tem demonstrado sucesso na abordagem clnica das doenas mentais graves na comunidade e a segunda na abordagem das patologias no psicticas no hospital geral. Todavia, a efectividade destas estratgias no se tem revelado transfervel para o tratamento das perturbaes depressivas e outras patologias mentais comuns nos cuidados de sade primrios. Novos modelos de ligao e de trabalho em equipa multidisciplinar tm sido demonstrados como mais eficazes e custo-efectivos na reduo do peso da depresso, ao nvel da prestao dos cuidados de sade primrios, quando so atinentes com os seguintes princpios estratgicos e organizacionais: deteco sistemtica e abordagem da depresso segundo o modelo mdico, gesto integrada de doena crnica incluindo a continuidade de cuidados mediante colaborao e partilha de responsabilidades intersectorial, e a aposta na melhoria contnua da qualidade. Em Portugal, no existem dados fiveis sobre a frequncia da depresso, seu reconhecimento e a adequao do tratamento ao nvel dos cuidados de sade primrios nem se encontra validada uma metodologia de diagnstico simples e fivel passvel de implementao generalizada. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo transversal com os objectivos de estabelecer a prevalncia pontual de depresso entre os utentes dos cuidados de sade primrios e as taxas de reconhecimento e tratamento pelos mdicos de famlia e testar metodologias de despiste, com base num questionrio de preenchimento rpido o WHO-5 associado a uma breve entrevista estruturada o IED. Foram seleccionados aleatoriamente 31 mdicos de famlia e avaliados 544 utentes consecutivos, dos 16 aos 90 anos, em quatro regies de sade e oito centros de sade dotados com 219 clnicos gerais. Os doentes foram entrevistados por psiquiatras, utilizando um mtodo padronizado, o SCAN, para diagnstico de perturbao depressiva segundo os critrios da 10 edio da Classificao Internacional de Doenas. Apurou-se que 24.8% dos utentes apresentava depresso. No melhor dos cenrios, menos de metade destes doentes, 43%, foi correctamente identificada como deprimida pelo seu mdico de famlia e menos de 13% dos doentes com depresso estavam bem medicados com antidepressivo em dose adequada. A aplicao seriada dos dois instrumentos no revelou dificuldades tendo permitido a identificao de pelo menos 8 em cada 10 doentes deprimidos e a excluso de 9 em cada 10 doentes no deprimidos. Confirma-se a elevada prevalncia da patologia depressiva ao nvel dos cuidados primrios em Portugal e a necessidade de melhorar a capacidade diagnstica e teraputica dos mdicos de famlia. A interveno de despiste, que foi validada, parece adequada para ser aplicada de modo sistemtico em Centros de Sade que disponham de recursos tcnicos e organizacionais para o tratamento efectivo dos doentes com depresso. A obteno da linha de base de indicadores de prevalncia, reconhecimento e tratamento das perturbaes depressivas nos cuidados de sade primrios, bem como a validao de instrumentos de uso clnico, viabiliza a capacitao do sistema para a produo de uma campanha nacional de educao de grande amplitude como a proposta no Plano Nacional de Sade 2004-2010.------- ABSTRACT: Clinical depression is a dimensional and chronic affective disorder, evolving through remitting and recurring heterogeneous episodes with variable severity corresponding to clinically useful artificial diagnostic categories, highly prevalent and producing vast morbidity and growing social costs, being estimated that in 2020 unipolar major depression will be the second cause of healthy life years lost all over the world. In most countries, primary care are the entry point for access to health care. About 50% of all individuals suffering from depression within the community reach primary health care but a smaller proportion is correctly diagnosed and treated by primary care physicians though available treatments are effective and easily manageable. Barriers at various levels pertaining to the illness itself, to patients, doctors, health care organizations, culture and society contribute to the inefficiency of depression management and pervasiveness of depression burden, which has not been possible to reduce through classical service strategies. Community mental health teams and consultation-liaison psychiatry, two conceptual and organizational intervention strategies originating respectively within social psychiatry and psychosomatics, have succeeded in treating severe mental illness in community and managing non-psychotic disorders in the general hospital. However, these strategies effectiveness has not been replicated and transferable for the primary health care setting treatment of depressive disorders and other common mental pathology. New modified liaison and multidisciplinary team work models have been shown as more efficacious and cost-effective reducing depression burden at the primary care level namely when in agreement with principles such as: systematic detection of depression and approach accordingly to the medical model, chronic llness comprehensive management including continuity of care through collaboration and shared responsibilities between primary and specialized care, and continuous quality improvement. There are no well-founded data available in Portugal for depression prevalence, recognition and treatment adequacy in the primary care setting neither is validated a simple, teachable and implementable recognition and diagnostic methodology for primary care. With these objectives in mind, a cross-sectional descriptive study was performed involving 544 consecutive patients, aged 16-90 years, recruited from the ambulatory of 31 family doctors randomized within the 219 physicians working in eight health centres from four health regions. Screening strategies were tested based on the WHO-5 questionnaire in association with a short structured interview based on ICD-10 criteria. Depression ICD-10 diagnosis was reached according to the gold standard SCAN interview performed by trained psychiatrists. Any depressive disorder ICD-10 diagnosis was present in 24.8% of patients. Through the use of favourable recognition criteria, 43% of the patients were correctly identified as depressed by their family doctor and about 13% of the depressed patients were prescribed antidepressants at an adequate dosage. The serial administration of both instruments WHO-5 and short structured interview was feasible, allowing the detection of eight in ten positive cases and the exclusion of nine in ten non-cases. In Portugal, at the primary care level, high depressive disorder prevalence is confirmed as well as the need to improve depression diagnostic and treatment competencies of family doctors. A two-stage screening strategy has been validated and seems adequate for systematic use in health centres where technical and organizational resources for the effective management of depression are made available. These results can be viewed as primary care depressive disorders baseline indicators of prevalence, detection and treatment and, along with clinical useful instruments, the health system is more capacitated for the establishment of a national level large education campaign on depression such as proposed in the National Health Plan 2004-2010.
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Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.
A passagem reforma : um estudo exploratrio sobre mulheres profissionalizadas na sociedade portuguesa
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RESUMO: Devido s mudanas polticas e sociais que ocorreram no passado, a proporo de mulheres activas no mercado de trabalho tem vindo a aumentar, e neste sentido, cada vez mais mulheres tm vindo a entrar na reforma. As recentes evolues demogrficas mostram um crescente envelhecimento populacional caracterizado por um aumento da proporo de pessoas idosas e pela sua maior longevidade. As mulheres so em nmero superior, no entanto, a realidade da mulher portuguesa reformada tem sido pouco avaliada sob o ponto de vista em que decorre esta transio. A passagem reforma um momento fulcral para conhecer como se adaptam os indivduos a uma nova etapa da sua vida que actualmente vivida por mais tempo, e que representa tambm a passagem para outra categoria social, a categoria de reformado. Condicionantes sociais, culturais e individuais, contribuem para modelar esta transio e o ajustamento mesma. A reforma para as mulheres dever corresponder a uma etapa com caractersticas nicas, devido s particularidades em termos profissionais e sociais que as distinguem dos homens. Pretende-se neste trabalho dar voz s mulheres portuguesas que tiveram uma carreira profissional e conhecer as suas experincias de transio para a reforma e a forma como vivem esta condio. Foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com mulheres portuguesas profissionais reformadas, cujos contedos foram analisados em torno das seguintes categorias: sentimentos vividos; planeamento e motivaes para a passagem reforma; relao com o trabalho; noo de si prpria; gesto de tempo e organizao quotidiana e interaces familiares e sociais.-------- ABSTRACT: Due to past political and social changes the number of women working actively in the labor market is growing. This implies that, more women are also entering in the retirement period. Recent demographic trends show an increasing ageing population, characterized by a higher proportion of elderly people, and a higher longevity. Womens proportion outnumbers older men, yet the reality of Portuguese retired women has been poorly evaluated in regard to this transition process. Retirement transition is a crucial period to understand how individuals adapt to a new stage in their life, that is actually being enjoyed for a longer period and that also represents the transition to retirees social role. Social, cultural and individual conditions help to shape this transition and adjustment to it. Retirement for women should be an event with unique features, mostly because of the peculiarities in professional and social relationships, distinct from men. Through in-depth interviews, we explored how Portuguese women, who had a professional career, experience the retirement transition and how they live this new condition. The womens narratives were analyzed within the following categories: experienced feelings, planning and motivation for retirement; notion of self; time management and daily organization; family and social interactions.
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RESUMO - Visa-se explicitar a origem, a razo de ser, a natureza e o que se perspectiva da relao entre a Epidemiologia e a Sade Pblica, atravs de uma leitura histrica. As duas entidades foram-se definindo e fazendo sentido em conjunto, com sucessos e, tambm, muita polmica, desde h milnios e at meados do sculo XIX. Nesta poca, uma combinao de circunstncias proporcionou-lhes uma exploso de crescimento e de definio, de par com vrias outras reas disciplinares. Desde o antigo relato bblico de como boa alimentao explica o bom estado de sade, at valorizao cientfica das condicionantes sociais e econmicas da sade por Marmot e Rose, passando por miasmas causando doena e pela deslocao do conceito de risco individual de sade para o de risco populacional com as implicaes inerentes a essa importante inovao , este percurso permite identificar as fundaes de to notvel simbiose, explicar o estado presente, v-la evoluir e achar nela o significado do patrimnio hoje disponvel, e o que ele promete. Algumas discrepncias quanto designao dos seus mtodos, bem como a contnua discusso quanto sua verdadeira natureza e orientao futura, atestam a juventude da Epidemiologia como disciplina cientfica. Entretanto, a Sade Pblica esfora-se por manter a sua essncia integradora, medida que outras disciplinas contribuem mais para que concretize os seus objectivos; desafiada pela exposio das populaes, em larga escala, a factores de doena, por vezes de intensidade mnima, e pelo surgimento de novas doenas ou a ampliao do volume de outras na populao, muitas vezes no respeitando fronteiras. A histria dessa simbiose mostra bem que conhecer o modo como uma doena se origina permite control-la na populao, ou mesmo evit-la, e que grande o nmero de problemas que, em sinergia, as duas disciplinas podem clarificar e resolver. Assim, a Epidemiologia oferece Sade Pblica explicaes (olhos, inteligncia e linguagem) para os problemas de sade das populaes o que permite segunda saber sobre o qu agir , cenrios de possvel evoluo dos problemas o que permite aos decisores optarem em funo de diferentes pressupostos, sobre como agir e capacidade de juzo sobre os resultados das aces empreendidas, em simultneo com a elevao do nvel de conscincia, de compreenso e de interveno quanto ao que se est a passar, tanto pelos profissionais, como pela populao transferncia do conhecimento. Facilmente se antecipa que a relao entre as duas disciplinas ir evoluir para maior complexidade e, tambm, solicitao e exigncia da Sade Pblica sobre a Epidemiologia, que ter que corresponder em utilidade. E esta, continuando a subespecializar-se e a sofisticar-se tanto nos mtodos, como nos enfoques sobre categorias especficas de factores, precisar de progredir muito na gesto da sua consistncia enquanto corpo de conhecimento integrado e com peculiaridades metodolgicas, semelhana da Sade Pblica.O modo como evoluir a relao entre ambas depende ainda da evoluo dos prprios problemas, conceitos, teorias e solues relacionados com a sade das populaes, e ainda do desenvolvimento das demais disciplinas chamadas integrao por ambas, para enfrentarem esses desafios. Nomeadamente, a Epidemiologia ter que gerir com percia dificuldades j identificadas, como: incorporar mtodos qualitativos de investigao na sua fortssima tradio e cultura quantitativa; operacionalizar satisfatoriamente o conceito de risco atribuvel na populao, ao servio da definio de prioridades de aco dirigida s necessidades de sade; aperfeioar modelos de interpretao causal que respeitem a multicausalidade; aproveitar as tcnicas estatsticas de anlise multivariada, sem se perder na abstraco dos seus modelos; desenvolver a investigao nas dimenses positivas de sade, alm da doena, para contribuir melhor para a realizao da Sade Pblica, sua principal cliente e fornecedora de oportunidades.--------------------------ABSTRACT - The aim of the author is to explicit the origin, the rationale, the nature and the prospects of the relationship between Epidemiology and Public health, through an historic approach. The two entities have been defining and making sense together, by achieving successes, but also with much controversy, since millennia ago, until mid XIX century. A combination of circumstances provided them the opportunity for an explosion of growth and definition, then, alongside several other disciplines. From the ancient biblical report on how good food explains good health, up to the scientific appreciation of both social and economical constraints to health by Marmot and Rose, passing through miasma causing disease and through displacing from individual health risk to population risk with the inherent implications of that important innovation , this route allows the identification of the foundations of such remarkable symbiosis, the explanation of current status, to see its evolution and find in it the meaning of todays heritage and what it promises. Some discrepancies on the name of its methods, as well as the continuing discussion about its true nature and future orientation, attest Epidemiologys youth as a scientific discipline. Meanwhile, Public Health strives to keep its integrating essence, while other disciplines increasingly contribute so that it achieves its objectives; it is challenged by large scale population exposure to disease factors, sometimes with a minimum intensity, and by new diseases emerging in the population or by old ones getting amplified, often not respecting regions boundaries. The history of such a symbiosis shows that knowing the way a disease is generated allows to control it in the population, or even to avoid it, and that the number of problems that the two disciplines are able to clarify and solve together in synergy is considerable. Therefore, Epidemiology offers Public Health explanations (eyes, intelligence and language) for populationss health problems allowing that the latter knows on what to act , scenarios on how problems may tend to evolve allowing decision-makers to make their choices as a function of different assumptions, on how to act and judgement capabilities on the results of already undertaken actions, accompanied by the raising of conscience level, understanding and intervention of what is going on by both professionals and the population knowledge transfer. It is easy to anticipate that the relationship between both disciplines will develop towards increasing complexity and demand from Public Health to Epidemiology, and that this one will have to correspond in usefulness. And the latter, while continuing its subspecialisation and sophistication either in its methods, or in its approaches to specific factor categories, will need to progress in managing its consistency as an integrated body of knowledge having methodological peculiarities, similarly to Public Health. Further, the way the relationship between both will evolve depends on the evolution of the problems themselves, of the concepts, theories and solutions related to the health of populations, and on the development of remaining disciplines called to integration by both, in other to face those problems. Namely, Epidemiology will have to manage with expertise some already known difficulties, as: the inclusion of qualitative research methods in its very strong quantitative tradition and culture; to grant satisfactory operation to the population attributable risk concept, in support to the definition of action priorities envisaging health needs; to improve causal interpretation models that comply with multicausality; to take advantage of multivariate statistical techniques, without get
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Dissertao apresentada na Faculdade de Cincias e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa Para a obteno do Grau de Mestre em Energia e Bioenergia
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Thesis submitted to the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Cincias e Tecnologia for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Engineering
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The building of social Europe: companies, territories, movement of the workforce. For ten years, companies have been obliged to standardize the quality of their products interaationally, which goes along with a dismantling of the landmarks of the territories of political action in France. This article presents some current research about the movement of the labour force in Europe and raise the issue of coordination between the different legitimate categories and the attitude of the various administrations (work, health) concemed by this phenomenon.
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Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.
