Minimização de odores em contentores de resíduos sólidos

Mestrado em Engenharia Química

Simultaneous distillation–extraction of high-value volatile compounds from Cistus ladanifer L.

The present paper describes a procedure to isolate volatiles from rock-rose (Cistus ladanifer L.) using simultaneous distillation–extraction (SDE). High-value volatile compounds (HVVC) were selected and the influence of the extraction conditions investigated. The effect of the solvent nature and extraction time on SDE efficiency was studied. The best performance was achieved with pentane in 1 h operation. The extraction efficiencies ranged from 65% to 85% and the repeatability varied between 4% and 6% (as a CV%). The C. ladanifer SDE extracts were analysed by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The HS-SPME sampling conditions such as fiber coating, temperature, ionic strength and exposure time were optimized. The best results were achieved with an 85 µm polyacrylate fiber for a 60 min headspace extraction at 40ºC with 20% (w/v) of NaCl. For optimized conditions the recovery was in average higher than 90% for all compounds and the intermediate precision ranged from 4 to 9% (as CV %). The volatiles α-pinene (22.2 mg g−1 of extract), 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone (6.1 mg g−1 of extract), borneol (3.0 mg g−1 of extract) and bornyl acetate (3.9 mg g−1 of extract) were identified in the SDE extracts obtained from the fresh plant material.

Project, modelling and simulation of air stripping columns for the treatment of groundwater contaminated with volatile organic compounds

Volatile organic compounds are a common source of groundwater contamination that can be easily removed by air stripping in columns with random packing and using a counter-current flow between the phases. This work proposes a new methodology for the column design for any particular type of packing and contaminant avoiding the necessity of a pre-defined diameter used in the classical approach. It also renders unnecessary the employment of the graphical Eckert generalized correlation for pressure drop estimates. The hydraulic features are previously chosen as a project criterion and only afterwards the mass transfer phenomena are incorporated, in opposition to conventional approach. The design procedure was translated into a convenient algorithm using C++ as programming language. A column was built in order to test the models used either in the design or in the simulation of the column performance. The experiments were fulfilled using a solution of chloroform in distilled water. Another model was built to simulate the operational performance of the column, both in steady state and in transient conditions. It consists in a system of two partial non linear differential equations (distributed parameters). Nevertheless, when flows are steady, the system became linear, although there is not an evident solution in analytical terms. In steady state the resulting system of ODE can be solved, allowing for the calculation of the concentration profile in both phases inside the column. In transient state the system of PDE was numerically solved by finite differences, after a previous linearization.

Practical software improve design and performance of a randomly packed air stripping column for removing volatile organic compounds from water

STRIPPING is a software application developed for the automatic design of a randomly packing column where the transfer of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from water to air can be performed and to simulate it’s behaviour in a steady-state. This software completely purges any need of experimental work for the selection of diameter of the column, and allows a choice, a priori, of the most convenient hydraulic regime for this type of operation. It also allows the operator to choose the model used for the calculation of some parameters, namely between the Eckert/Robbins model and the Billet model for estimating the pressure drop of the gaseous phase, and between the Billet and Onda/Djebbar’s models for the mass transfer. Illustrations of the graphical interface offered are presented.

A New Approach in the Design of Air Stripping Columns for the Treatment of Groundwater Contaminated With Volatile Organic Compounds

Volatile organic compounds are a common source of groundwater contamination that can be easily removed by air stripping in columns with random packing and using a counter-current flow between the phases. This work proposes a new methodology for column design for any type of packing and contaminant which avoids the necessity of an arbitrary chosen diameter. It also avoids the employment of the usual graphical Eckert correlations for pressure drop. The hydraulic features are previously chosen as a project criterion. The design procedure was translated into a convenient algorithm in C++ language. A column was built in order to test the design, the theoretical steady-state and dynamic behaviour. The experiments were conducted using a solution of chloroform in distilled water. The results allowed for a correction in the theoretical global mass transfer coefficient previously estimated by the Onda correlations, which depend on several parameters that are not easy to control in experiments. For best describe the column behaviour in stationary and dynamic conditions, an original mathematical model was developed. It consists in a system of two partial non linear differential equations (distributed parameters). Nevertheless, when flows are steady, the system became linear, although there is not an evident solution in analytical terms. In steady state the resulting ODE can be solved by analytical methods, and in dynamic state the discretization of the PDE by finite differences allows for the overcoming of this difficulty. To estimate the contaminant concentrations in both phases in the column, a numerical algorithm was used. The high number of resulting algebraic equations and the impossibility of generating a recursive procedure did not allow the construction of a generalized programme. But an iterative procedure developed in an electronic worksheet allowed for the simulation. The solution is stable only for similar discretizations values. If different values for time/space discretization parameters are used, the solution easily becomes unstable. The system dynamic behaviour was simulated for the common liquid phase perturbations: step, impulse, rectangular pulse and sinusoidal. The final results do not configure strange or non-predictable behaviours.

Avaliação do Desempenho Energético e da Qualidade do Ar Interior do Edifício Principal do Parque Biológico de Vila Nova de Gaia

A presente dissertação tem como principal propósito avaliar o desempenho energético e a qualidade do ar interior do edifício principal do Parque Biológico de Vila Nova de Gaia (PBG). Para esse efeito, este estudo relaciona os termos definidos na legislação nacional em vigor até à presente data, e referentes a esta área de atuação, em particular, os presentes no SCE, RSECE, RCCTE e RSECE-QAI. Para avaliar o desempenho energético, procedeu-se numa primeira fase ao processo de auditoria no local e posteriormente à realização de uma simulação dinâmica detalhada, cuja modelação do edifício foi feita com recurso ao software DesignBuilder. Após a validação do modelo simulado, por verificação do desvio entre os consumos energéticos registados nas faturas e os calculados na simulação, igual a 5,97%, foi possível efetuar a desagregação dos consumos em percentagem pelos diferentes tipos de utilizações. Foi também possível determinar os IEE real e nominal, correspondendo a 29,9 e 41.3 kgep/m2.ano, respetivamente, constatando-se através dos mesmos que o edifício ficaria dispensado de implementar um plano de racionalização energética (PRE) e que a classe energética a atribuir é a C. Contudo, foram apresentadas algumas medidas de poupança de energia, de modo a melhorar a eficiência energética do edifício e reduzir a fatura associada. Destas destacam-se duas propostas, a primeira propõe a alteração do sistema de iluminação interior e exterior do edifício, conduzindo a uma redução no consumo de eletricidade de 47,5 MWh/ano, com um período de retorno de investimento de 3,5 anos. A segunda está relacionada com a alteração do sistema de produção de água quente para o aquecimento central, através do incremento de uma caldeira a lenha ao sistema atual, que prevê uma redução de 50 MWh no consumo de gás natural e um período de retorno de investimento de cerca de 4 anos. Na análise realizada à qualidade do ar interior (QAI), os parâmetros quantificados foram os exigidos legalmente, excetuando os microbiológicos. Deste modo, para os parâmetros físicos, temperatura e humidade relativa, obtiveram-se os resultados médios de 19,7ºC e 66,9%, respetivamente, ligeiramente abaixo do previsto na legislação (20,0ºC no período em que foi feita a medição, inverno). No que diz respeito aos parâmetros químicos, os valores médios registados para as concentrações de dióxido de carbono (CO2), monóxido de carbono (CO), ozono (O3), formaldeído (HCHO), partículas em suspensão (PM10) e radão, foram iguais a 580 ppm, 0,2 ppm, 0,06 ppm, 0,01 ppm, 0,07 mg/m3 e 196 Bq/m3, respetivamente, verificando-se que estão abaixo dos valores máximos de referência presentes no regulamento (984 ppm, 10,7 ppm, 0,10 ppm, 0,08 ppm, 0,15 mg/m3 e 400 Bq/m3). No entanto, o parâmetro relativo aos compostos orgânicos voláteis (COV) teve um valor médio igual a 0,84 ppm, bastante acima do valor máximo de referência (0,26 ppm). Neste caso, terá que ser realizada uma nova série de medições utilizando meios cromatográficos, para avaliar qual(ais) são o(s) agente(s) poluidor(es), de modo a eliminar ou atenuar as fontes de emissão.

Molecular and biochemical mechanisms involved in the toxicity of a marine cyanobacteria compound on cancer cell lines

In recent years marine biotechnology has revealed a crucial role in the future of bioindustry. Among the many marine resources, cyanobacteria have shown great potential in the production of bioactive compounds with diverse applicability. The pharmacological potential of these organisms has been one of the most explored areas in particular its antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer potential. This work was based on the assessment of potential anticancer compound E13010 F 5.4 isolated from marine cyanobacteria strain Synechocystis salina LEGE 06099. Thus the aim of this work was to explore molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying the bioactivity detected in human cancer cells, specifically in lines RKO colon carcinoma and HT-29. The isolation of the compound was performed from biomass obtained by large-scale culture. To obtain the compound fractionation was carried and confirmation and isolation performed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Cell viability assays were performed based on reduction of 3- (4,5-dimetiltiaziol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) to assess the cytotoxic potential of the compound. From the battery of cell lines RKO (colon carcinoma), HT-29 (colorectal adenocarcinoma), MG-63 (osteosarcoma) and T47D (breast carcinoma) the cell lines RKO and HT-29 were selected for elucidation of mechanisms of cytotoxicity. For the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in cytotoxicity the cell lines RKO and HT29 were exposed to the compound. A genomic approach based in the mRNA expression of genes involved in apoptosis and cell cycle by Real-Time PCR and a proteomic approach based on the separation of proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DGE) was performed. For mRNA expression were selected the genes RPL8, HPRT1, VDAC, SHMT2, CCNE, CCNB1, P21CIP, BCL-2 and BAD and for proteomics isoelectric focussing between 3 – 10 and molecular weight of 19 – 117 kDa separated by polyacrylamide gels (2DGE). The MTT results confirmed the reduction of the cell viability. The RT-PCR results for the expression of genes studied were not yet fully elucidative. For the cell line RKO there was a significant reduction in the expression of the gene P21CIP, and a tendency for reduction in the BAD gene expression and for increased expression of gene CCNB1, pointing to an effort for cell proliferation. In HT-29 cell line, there was a tendency for increase in the expression of P21CIP and BAD, which may explain the reduction in cell viability. The 2DGE results indicate proteomic patterns with differentially altered spots in the treated and control cells with both qualitative and quantitative differences, and differences in response between the RKO and HT-29 cell lines.