Tensile behaviour of a structural adhesive at high temperatures by the extended finite element method

Component joining is typically performed by welding, fastening, or adhesive-bonding. For bonded aerospace applications, adhesives must withstand high-temperatures (200°C or above, depending on the application), which implies their mechanical characterization under identical conditions. The extended finite element method (XFEM) is an enhancement of the finite element method (FEM) that can be used for the strength prediction of bonded structures. This work proposes and validates damage laws for a thin layer of an epoxy adhesive at room temperature (RT), 100, 150, and 200°C using the XFEM. The fracture toughness (G Ic ) and maximum load ( ); in pure tensile loading were defined by testing double-cantilever beam (DCB) and bulk tensile specimens, respectively, which permitted building the damage laws for each temperature. The bulk test results revealed that decreased gradually with the temperature. On the other hand, the value of G Ic of the adhesive, extracted from the DCB data, was shown to be relatively insensitive to temperature up to the glass transition temperature (T g ), while above T g (at 200°C) a great reduction took place. The output of the DCB numerical simulations for the various temperatures showed a good agreement with the experimental results, which validated the obtained data for strength prediction of bonded joints in tension. By the obtained results, the XFEM proved to be an alternative for the accurate strength prediction of bonded structures.

Effect of plug-filling, Testing velocity and temperature on the tensile strength of strap repairs on aluminium structures

In this work, an experimental study was performed on the influence of plug-filling, loading rate and temperature on the tensile strength of single-strap (SS) and double-strap (DS) repairs on aluminium structures. Whilst the main purpose of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of plug-filling for the strength improvement of these repairs, a parallel study was carried out to assess the sensitivity of the adhesive to external features that can affect the repairs performance, such as the rate of loading and environmental temperature. The experimental programme included repairs with different values of overlap length (L O = 10, 20 and 30 mm), and with and without plug-filling, whose results were interpreted in light of experimental evidence of the fracture modes and typical stress distributions for bonded repairs. The influence of the testing speed on the repairs strength was also addressed (considering 0.5, 5 and 25 mm/min). Accounting for the temperature effects, tests were carried out at room temperature (≈23°C), 50 and 80°C. This permitted a comparative evaluation of the adhesive tested below and above the glass transition temperature (T g), established by the manufacturer as 67°C. The combined influence of these two parameters on the repairs strength was also analysed. According to the results obtained from this work, design guidelines for repairing aluminium structures were

Using a cohesive damage model to predict the tensile behaviour of CFRP single-strap repairs

This work addresses both experimental and numerical analyses regarding the tensile behaviour of CFRP single-strap repairs. Two fundamental geometrical parameters were studied: overlap length and patch thickness. The numerical model used ABAQUS® software and a developed cohesive mixed-mode damage model adequate for ductile adhesives, and implemented within interface finite elements. Stress analyses and strength predictions were carried out. Experimental and numerical comparisons were performed on failure modes, failure load and equivalent stiffness of the repair. Good correlation was found between experimental and numerical results, showing that the proposed model can be successfully applied to bonded joints or repairs.

Adherend thickness effect on the tensile fracture toughness of a structural adhesive using an optical data acquisition method

Adhesive bonding is nowadays a serious candidate to replace methods such as fastening or riveting, because of attractive mechanical properties. As a result, adhesives are being increasingly used in industries such as the automotive, aerospace and construction. Thus, it is highly important to predict the strength of bonded joints to assess the feasibility of joining during the fabrication process of components (e.g. due to complex geometries) or for repairing purposes. This work studies the tensile behaviour of adhesive joints between aluminium adherends considering different values of adherend thickness (h) and the double-cantilever beam (DCB) test. The experimental work consists of the definition of the tensile fracture toughness (GIC) for the different joint configurations. A conventional fracture characterization method was used, together with a J-integral approach, that take into account the plasticity effects occurring in the adhesive layer. An optical measurement method is used for the evaluation of crack tip opening and adherends rotation at the crack tip during the test, supported by a Matlab® sub-routine for the automated extraction of these quantities. As output of this work, a comparative evaluation between bonded systems with different values of adherend thickness is carried out and complete fracture data is provided in tension for the subsequent strength prediction of joints with identical conditions.

Aplicação do método de Elementos Finitos eXtendido (MEFX) para a previsão da resistência de juntas adesivas de sobreposição dupla

As ligações adesivas têm sido utilizadas em diversas áreas de aplicação. A utilização das juntas adesivas em aplicações industriais tem vindo a aumentar nos últimos anos, por causa das vantagens significativas que apresentam comparativamente com os métodos tradicionais de ligação tais como soldadura, ligações aparafusadas e rebitadas. A redução de peso, redução de concentrações de tensões e facilidade de fabrico são algumas das principais vantagens das ligações adesivas. Devido à crescente utilização das ligações adesivas, torna-se necessário a existência de ferramentas que permitam prever a resistência das juntas com elevada precisão. Assim, para a análise de juntas adesivas, está a ser cada vez mais utilizado o método de Elementos Finitos. Neste âmbito o Método de Elementos Finitos eXtendido (MEFX) perfila-se como um método capaz de prever o comportamento da junta, embora este ainda não esteja convenientemente estudado no que diz respeito à aplicação a juntas adesivas. Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo experimental e numérico pelo MEFX de juntas de sobreposição dupla, nas quais são aplicados adesivos que variam desde frágeis e rígidos, como o caso do Araldite® AV138, até adesivos mais dúcteis, como o Araldite® 2015 e o Sikaforce® 7888. Foram considerados substratos de alumínio (AW6082-T651) em juntas com diferentes comprimentos de sobreposição, sendo sujeitos a esforços de tração de forma a avaliar o seu desempenho. Na análise numérica foi realizada uma análise da distribuição de tensões na camada adesiva, a previsão da resistência das juntas pelo MEFX segundo critérios de iniciação de dano baseados em tensões e deformações, e ainda um estudo sobre o critério energético de propagação de dano. A análise por MEFX revelou que este método é bastante preciso quando usados os critérios de iniciação de dano MAXS e QUADS, e parâmetro com valor de 1 no critério energético de propagação de dano. Apesar de ser um método pouco estudado na literatura comparativamente com outros, o MEFX apresentou resultados muito satisfatórios.