O ‘heróico cinema português’: 1930-1950

As décadas de trinta e quarenta do século XX português constituem, dentro da trajectória bastante irregular do cinema nacional, a época de maior regularidade. Com efeito, foi neste período que se verificou um considerável desenvolvimento do meio cinematográfico nacional. Este revelou-se um tempo dinâmico, quer a nível da produção, com o aparecimento dos filmes sonoros e das produtoras nacionais e respectivos estúdios, quer no que ao consumo diz respeito, com a multiplicação de salas de cinema; traduziu-se ainda no advento de revistas da especialidade, como a Kino, a Imagem ou o Cinéfilo, e no aparecimento de importantes realizadores portugueses – António Lopes Ribeiro, Leitão de Barros, Jorge Brum do Canto, Chianca Garcia –, produzindo-se relevantes trabalhos cinematográficos. Desta forma, neste artigo pretende-se apresentar o projecto cinematográfico nacional da época em estudo, possibilitando uma compreensão mais clara da evolução cinematográfica portuguesa no período de edificação do Estado Novo.

Age-period-cohort effects in the incidence of hip fractures: political and economic events are coincident with changes in risk

Introduction: Healthcare improvements have allowed prevention but have also increased life expectancy, resulting in more people being at risk. Our aim was to analyse the separate effects of age, period and cohort on incidence rates by sex in Portugal, 2000–2008. Methods: From the National Hospital Discharge Register, we selected admissions (aged ≥49 years) with hip fractures (ICD9-CM, codes 820.x) caused by low/moderate trauma (falls from standing height or less), readmissions and bone cancer cases. We calculated person-years at risk using population data from Statistics Portugal. To identify period and cohort effects for all ages, we used an age–period–cohort model (1-year intervals) followed by generalised additive models with a negative binomial distribution of the observed incidence rates of hip fractures. Results: There were 77,083 hospital admissions (77.4 % women). Incidence rates increased exponentially with age for both sexes (age effect). Incidence rates fell after 2004 for women and were random for men (period effect). There was a general cohort effect similar in both sexes; risk of hip fracture altered from an increasing trend for those born before 1930 to a decreasing trend following that year. Risk alterations (not statistically significant) coincident with major political and economic change in the history of Portugal were observed around birth cohorts 1920 (stable–increasing), 1940 (decreasing–increasing) and 1950 (increasing–decreasing only among women). Conclusions: Hip fracture risk was higher for those born during major economically/politically unstable periods. Although bone quality reflects lifetime exposure, conditions at birth may determine future risk for hip fractures.