Evaluating the efficiency of a vegetal coagulant in the treatment of industrial effluents

The present work aims at evaluating the efficiency of an organic polymer from vegetal source used as coagulant for treating different types of industrial effluents. This coagulant (Flox-QT) is obtained from the Black Acacia (Acacia mearnsii). The effluents studied were produced in petrochemical, leather, cork stoppers, metalworking, olive oil, glue, paint (printing), textile and paper industries. The parameters analyzed in the effluents before and after treatment were selected according to the type of wastewater and included pH, conductivity, apparent colour, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and some metals. The coagulant proved to be efficient for almost all effluents tested. The best results were obtained for the paper industry wastewater, with 91% removal of chemical oxygen demand and 95% of total suspended solids removal. The estimated cost of this treatment would be only 0.24 Euro per cubic meter of treated effluent, only regarding the price of the coagulant and the required dosage. The use of this coagulant is also adequate for the valorisation of the sludge obtained, which in this case could be recycled for paper production.

Influence of the pre-treatments on the properties of biodegradable films from bovine hair

The replacement of conventional synthetic films and coatings by biodegradable alternatives reduces the use of non-renewable resources and waste disposal problems. Considering that Portugal is a major producer of leather, and consequently a large producer of related wastes, in this research, bovine hair was tested for the production of biodegradable films directly by thermo-compression, allowing waste valorisation and reduction of environmental pollution. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the different pre-treatments performed by two processes (removal by mechanical action and removal by chemical process), applied to bovine hair, in order to obtain a biodegradable film with appropriate properties. Mechanical properties for these films were evaluated, namely strain at break, stress at break and Young modulus. Additionally colour, solubility and swelling in water were also studied. The mechanical removal hair only produced films with Na2S treatment. Chemical removed hair (immunization) depends of the pre-treatment and the degreasing with petroleum ether or sodium sulphide pre-treatment leads better mechanical properties. The results obtained indicated that the pre-treatments have an important role in the final properties of biodegradable films.

Papel do polimorfismo Pro12 Ala no gene PPAR Gama 2 na obesidade e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 - uma meta análise

A obesidade e a diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) são considerados dois grandes problemas de saúde pública. A má alimentação e a falta de atividade física encontram-se entre os principais desencadeadores de um crescente número de indivíduos obesos, diabéticos e com sensibilidade à insulina diminuída. Este aumento tem motivado a comunidade científica a investigar cada vez mais para o elevado contributo da herança genética associada aos fatores sociais e nutricionais. O gene dos recetores ativados por proliferadores do peroxissoma gama 2 (PPARγ2) desempenha um papel importante no metabolismo lipídico. Uma vez que o PPARγ2 é maioritariamente expresso no tecido adiposo, uma redução moderada da sua atividade tem influência na sensibilidade à insulina, diabetes, e outros parâmetros metabólicos. Vários estudos sugerem que tanto fatores genéticos como fatores ambientais (tais como a dieta), poderão estar envolvidos na formação de padrões associados ao polimorfismo Pro12Ala com a composição corporal em diferentes populações humanas. Os diversos estudos genéticos envolvendo o estudo do polimorfismo Pro12Ala do PPARγ2 na suscetibilidade de possuir risco de diabetes e obesidade em várias populações têm proposto conclusões diversas. Em alguns parece haver mais associações do que outros e, às vezes, não demonstram sequer associação. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objectivo contribuir para a elucidação do impacto do polimorfismo Pro12Ala do PPARγ2 na resistência à insulina associada à DM2 e na obesidade, mediante estudo sistematizado da literatura existente até à data, através de meta análise. Do total de uma pesquisa de 63 publicações, foram incluídos 32 artigos no presente estudo, sendo que destes 25 foram incluídos na síntese qualitativa e 11 incluídos na sintese quantitativa. No presente trabalho pode-se concluir que existe evidência estatística que suporta a hipótese de que o polimorfismo Pro12Ala do PPARγ2 pode ser considerado um fator protetor para a DM2 [p <0,05 e OR (odds ratio) 0,702, com IC (intervalos de confiança) com valores que nunca incluem o 1]. No entanto, e mediante os mesmos pressupostos, o mesmo polimorfismo pode ser considerado um fator de risco ao desenvolvimento de obesidade, pela evidência estatística [p <0,05 e OR de 1,196, com IC com valores que nunca incluem o 1].

El predomínio del inglês en el lenguaje científico: características del lenguaje médico español en la actualidad

Sin lugar a dudas, el inglés se ha convertido en las últimas décadas en la lingua franca de la comunidad científica internacional, desplazando incluso a otras lenguas que tuvieron una gran importancia en otras épocas, caso del francés o del alemán. El lenguaje científico español también ha sucumbido a esta entrada masiva del inglés en las distintas disciplinas científico-técnicas, y presenta desde hace unas décadas ciertas características que no son propias de las reglas gramaticales del español y que son el fruto de una contaminación lingüística derivada de la penetración del inglés. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar las características del lenguaje médico tal y como lo podemos encontrar en las publicaciones españolas actuales. Para ello, el artículo se divide en tres apartados: en primer lugar, haremos un breve recorrido por la historia del lenguaje médico como punto de partida para comprender la evolución de este lenguaje. En segundo lugar, analizaremos las características principales dentro de los niveles léxicosemántico, morfosintáctico y fonético-fonológico del lenguaje médico español y veremos la influencia que ha tenido el inglés en el proceso de evolución del mismo. En tercer lugar, examinaremos los procedimientos de creación y formación de términos médicos y cómo afectan al desarrollo lingüístico de la terminología.

Characterization of aluminium single-lap joints for high temperature applications

In this study, an experimental investigation into the shear strength behaviour of aluminium alloy single-lap adhesive joints was carried out in order to understand the effect of temperature on the strength of adhesively bonding joints. Single lap joints (SLJs) were fabricated and tested at RT and high temperatures (100ºC, 125ºC, 150ºC, 175ºC and 200ºC). Results showed that the failure loads of the single-lap joint test specimens vary with temperature and this needs to be considered in any design procedure. It is shown that, although the tensile stress decreased with temperature, the lap-shear strength of the adhesive increased with increasing of temperature up to the glass transition of the adhesive (Tg) and decreased for tests above the Tg.

Influence of the cohesive law parameters on the strength prediction of adhesively-bonded joints

Adhesive joints are largely employed nowadays as a fast and effective joining process. The respective techniques for strength prediction have also improved over the years. Cohesive Zone Models (CZM’s) coupled to Finite Element Method (FEM) analyses surpass the limitations of stress and fracture criteria and allow modelling damage. CZM’s require the energy release rates in tension (Gn) and shear (Gs) and respective fracture energies in tension (Gnc) and shear (Gsc). Additionally, the cohesive strengths (tn0 for tension and ts0 for shear) must also be defined. In this work, the influence of the CZM parameters of a triangular CZM used to model a thin adhesive layer is studied, to estimate their effect on the predictions. Some conclusions were drawn for the accuracy of the simulation results by variations of each one of these parameters.

Feasibility of the extended finite element method for the simulation of composite bonded joints

Adhesive-bonding for the unions in multi-component structures is gaining momentum over welding, riveting and fastening. It is vital for the design of bonded structures the availability of accurate damage models, to minimize design costs and time to market. Cohesive Zone Models (CZM’s) have been used for fracture prediction in structures. The eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) is a recent improvement of the Finite Element Method (FEM) that relies on traction-separation laws similar to those of CZM’s but it allows the growth of discontinuities within bulk solids along an arbitrary path, by enriching degrees of freedom. This work proposes and validates a damage law to model crack propagation in a thin layer of a structural epoxy adhesive using the XFEM. The fracture toughness in pure mode I (GIc) and tensile cohesive strength (sn0) were defined by Double-Cantilever Beam (DCB) and bulk tensile tests, respectively, which permitted to build the damage law. The XFEM simulations of the DCB tests accurately matched the experimental load-displacement (P-d) curves, which validated the analysis procedure.

Drilling delamination outcomes on glass and sisal reinforced plastics

Nowadays, fibre reinforced plastics are used in a wide variety of applications. Apart from the most known reinforcement fibres, like glass or carbon, natural fibres can be seen as an economical alternative. However, some mistrust is yet limiting the use of such materials, being one of the main reasons the inconsistency normally found in their mechanical properties. It should be noticed that these materials are more used for their low density than for their high stiffness. In this work, two different types of reinforced plates were compared: glass reinforced epoxy plate and sisal reinforced epoxy plate. For material characterization purposes, tensile and flexural tests were carried out. Main properties of both materials, like elastic modulus, tensile strength or flexural modulus, are presented and compared with reference values. Afterwards, plates were drilled under two different feed rates: low and high, with two diverse tools: twist and brad type drill, while cutting speed was kept constant. Thrust forces during drilling were monitored. Then, delamination area around the hole was assessed by using digital images that were processed using a computational platform previously developed. Finally, drilled plates were mechanically tested for bearing and open-hole resistance. Results were compared and correlated with the measured delamination. Conclusions contribute to the understanding of natural fibres reinforced plastics as a substitute to glass fibres reinforced plastics, helping on cost reductions without compromising reliability, as well as the consequence of delamination on mechanical resistance of this type of composites.

Strap repair optimization by using embedded patches

Adhesively-bonded techniques offer an attractive option for repair of aluminium structures, and currently there are three widely used configurations, i.e., single-strap (SS), double-strap (DS) and scarf repairs. SS and DS repairs are straightforward to execute but stresses in the adhesive layer peak at the ends of the overlap. DS repairs additionally require both sides of the damaged structures to be reachable for repair, which is often not possible. In these repair configurations, some limitations emerge such as the weight, aerodynamic performance and aesthetics. The scarf repair is more complex to fabricate but stresses are more uniform along the adhesive bondline. Few studies of SS and DS repairs with embedded patches, such that these are completely flush with the adherends, are available in the literature. Furthermore, no data is available about the effects of geometrical and material parameters (e.g. the Young’s modulus of adhesive, E) on the mechanical behaviour optimization of embedded repairs. For this purpose, in this work standard SS and DD repairs, and also with embedded patches in the adherends, were tested under tension to allow the geometry optimization, by varying the overlap length (LO), thus allowing the maximization of the repairs strength. The influence of the patch embedding technique, showing notorious advantages such as aerodynamic or aesthetics, was compared in strength with standard strap repairs, for the viability analysis of its implementation. As a result of this work, some conclusions were drawn for the design optimization of bonded repairs on aluminium structures.

Numerical and experimental study of tensile strength of single and double-strap repairs

Adhesive bonding as a joining or repair method has a wide application in many industries. Repairs with bonded patches are often carried out to re-establish the stiffness at critical regions or spots of corrosion and/or fatigue cracks. Single and double-strap repairs (SS and DS, respectively) are a viable option for repairing. For the SS repairs, a patch is adhesively-bonded on one of the structure faces. SS repairs are easy to execute, but the load eccentricity leads to peel peak stresses at the overlap edges. DS repairs involve the use of two patches, one on each face of the structure. These are more efficient than SS repairs, due to the doubling of the bonding area and suppression of the transverse deflection of the adherends. Shear stresses also become more uniform as a result of smaller differential straining. The experimental and Finite Element (FE) study presented here for strength prediction and design optimization of bonded repairs includes SS and DS solutions with different values of overlap length (LO). The examined values of LO include 10, 20 and 30 mm. The failure strengths of the SS and DS repairs were compared with FE results by using the Abaqus® FE software. A Cohesive Zone Model (CZM) with a triangular shape in pure tensile and shear modes, including the mixed-mode possibility for crack growth, was used to simulate fracture of the adhesive layer. A good agreement was found between the experiments and the FE simulations on the failure modes, elastic stiffness and strength of the repairs, showing the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed FE technique in predicting strength of bonded repairs. Furthermore, some optimization principles were proposed to repair structures with adhesively-bonded patches that will allow repair designers to effectively design bonded repairs.

Acrylic adhesives in the polyolefins joining

The mechanical behaviour of single lap adhesive joints was characterized, using two commercial acrylic adhesives. For this purpose the surfaces were cleaned and abraded using fine grit abrasives. The effect of temperature and moisture in the mechanical strength was, also, evaluated. For this characterization, mechanical tests were carried out according procedure and geometry foreseen by ASTM D3163-01 [1] and ASTM D4501-01 [2] standards. The results show that it is possible to get good strengths without great surface preparation. The temperature and moisture effect observed don’t seem to be relevant for the mechanical behaviour.

Drilling of fibre reinforced plastic laminates

The use of fibre reinforced plastics – FRP’s – in structures is under a considerable increase. Advantages of their use are related with their low weight, high strength and stiffness. The improvement of the dynamic characteristics has been profitable for aeronautics, automobile, railway, naval and sporting goods industries. Drilling is a widely used machining technique as it is needed to assemble parts in a structure. This is a unique machining process, characterized by the existence of two different mechanisms: extrusion by the drill chisel edge and cutting by the rotating cutting lips. Drilling raises particular problems that can reduce mechanical and fatigue strength of the parts. In this work, quasi-isotropic hybrid laminates with 25% of carbon fibre reinforced plies and 4 mm thickness are produced, tested and drilled. Three different drill geometries are compared. Results considered are the interlaminar fracture toughness in Mode I – GIc –, thrust force during drilling and delamination extent after drilling. A bearing test is performed to evaluate tool influence on the load carrying capacity of the plate. Results consider the influence of drill geometry on delamination. A correlation linking plate damage to bearing test results is presented.

Strength prediction of adhesively-bonded scarf repairs in composite structures under bending

This work reports on the experimental and numerical study of the bending behaviour of two-dimensional adhesively-bonded scarf repairs of carbon-epoxy laminates, bonded with the ductile adhesive Araldite 2015®. Scarf angles varying from 2 to 45º were tested. The experimental work performed was used to validate a numerical Finite Element analysis using ABAQUS® and a methodology developed by the authors to predict the strength of bonded assemblies. This methodology consists on replacing the adhesive layer by cohesive elements, including mixed-mode criteria to deal with the mixed-mode behaviour usually observed in structures. Trapezoidal laws in pure modes I and II were used to account for the ductility of the adhesive used. The cohesive laws in pure modes I and II were determined with Double Cantilever Beam and End-Notched Flexure tests, respectively, using an inverse method. Since in the experiments interlaminar and transverse intralaminar failures of the carbon-epoxy components also occurred in some regions, cohesive laws to simulate these failure modes were also obtained experimentally with a similar procedure. A good correlation with the experiments was found on the elastic stiffness, maximum load and failure mode of the repairs, showing that this methodology simulates accurately the mechanical behaviour of bonded assemblies.

Strength prediction and experimental validation of adhesive joints including polyethylene, carbon-epoxy and aluminium adherends

Polyolefins are especially difficult to bond due to their non-polar, non-porous and chemically inert surfaces. Acrylic adhesives used in industry are particularly suited to bond these materials, including many grades of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE), without special surface preparation. In this work, the tensile strength of single-lap PE and mixed joints bonded with an acrylic adhesive was investigated. The mixed joints included PE with aluminium (AL) or carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) substrates. The PE substrates were only cleaned with isopropanol, which assured cohesive failures. For the PE CFRP joints, three different surfaces preparations were employed for the CFRP substrates: cleaning with acetone, abrasion with 100 grit sand paper and peel-ply finishing. In the PE AL joints, the AL bonding surfaces were prepared by the following methods: cleaning with acetone, abrasion with 180 and 320 grit sand papers, grit blasting and chemical etching with chromic acid. After abrasion of the CFRP and AL substrates, the surfaces were always cleaned with acetone. The tensile strengths were compared with numerical results from ABAQUS® and a mixed mode (I+II) cohesive damage model. A good agreement was found between the experimental and numerical results, except for the PE AL joints, since the AL surface treatments were not found to be effective.

Shear modulus and strength of an acrylic adhesive by the notched plate shear method (Arcan) and the thick adherend shear test (TAST)

In this work, the shear modulus and strength of the acrylic adhesive 3M® DP 8005 was evaluated by two different methods: the Thick Adherend Shear Test (TAST) and the Notched Plate Shear Method (Arcan). However, TAST standards advise the use of a special extensometer attached to the specimen, which requires a very experienced technician. In the present study, the adhesive shear displacement for the TAST was measured using an optical technique, and also with a conventional inductive extensometer of 25 mm used for tensile tests. This allowed for an assessment of suitability of using a conventional extensometer to measure this parameter. Since the results obtained by the two techniques are identical, it can be concluded that using a conventional extensometer is a valid option to obtain the shear modulus for the particular adhesive used. In the Arcan tests, the adhesive shear displacement was only measured using the optical technique. This work also aimed the comparison of shear modulus and strength obtained by the TAST and Arcan test methods.