Children’s Indoor Exposures to (Ultra)Fine Particles in an Urban Area: Comparison Between School and Home Environments

Due to their detrimental effects on human health, scientific interest in ultrafine particles (UFP), has been increasing but available information is far from comprehensive. Children, who represent one of the most susceptible subpopulation, spend the majority of time in schools and homes. Thus, the aim of this study is to (1) assess indoor levels of particle number concentrations (PNC) in ultrafine and fine (20–1000 nm) range at school and home environments and (2) compare indoor respective dose rates for 3- to 5-yr-old children. Indoor particle number concentrations in range of 20–1000 nm were consecutively measured during 56 d at two preschools (S1 and S2) and three homes (H1–H3) situated in Porto, Portugal. At both preschools different indoor microenvironments, such as classrooms and canteens, were evaluated. The results showed that total mean indoor PNC as determined for all indoor microenvironments were significantly higher at S1 than S2. At homes, indoor levels of PNC with means ranging between 1.09 × 104 and 1.24 × 104 particles/cm3 were 10–70% lower than total indoor means of preschools (1.32 × 104 to 1.84 × 104 particles/cm3). Nevertheless, estimated dose rates of particles were 1.3- to 2.1-fold higher at homes than preschools, mainly due to longer period of time spent at home. Daily activity patterns of 3- to 5-yr-old children significantly influenced overall dose rates of particles. Therefore, future studies focusing on health effects of airborne pollutants always need to account for children’s exposures in different microenvironments such as homes, schools, and transportation modes in order to obtain an accurate representation of children overall exposure.

Ultrafine Particles in Ambient Air of an Urban Area: Dose Implications for Elderly

Due to their detrimental effects on human health, the scientific interest in ultrafine particles (UFP) has been increasing, but available information is far from comprehensive. Compared to the remaining population, the elderly are potentially highly susceptible to the effects of outdoor air pollution. Thus, this study aimed to (1) determine the levels of outdoor pollutants in an urban area with emphasis on UFP concentrations and (2) estimate the respective dose rates of exposure for elderly populations. UFP were continuously measured over 3 weeks at 3 sites in north Portugal: 2 urban (U1 and U2) and 1 rural used as reference (R1). Meteorological parameters and outdoor pollutants including particulate matter (PM10), ozone (O3), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were also measured. The dose rates of inhalation exposure to UFP were estimated for three different elderly age categories: 64–70, 71–80, and >81 years. Over the sampling period levels of PM10, O3 and NO2 were in compliance with European legislation. Mean UFP were 1.7 × 104 and 1.2 × 104 particles/cm3 at U1 and U2, respectively, whereas at rural site levels were 20–70% lower (mean of 1 ×104 particles/cm3). Vehicular traffic and local emissions were the predominant identified sources of UFP at urban sites. In addition, results of correlation analysis showed that UFP were meteorologically dependent. Exposure dose rates were 1.2- to 1.4-fold higher at urban than reference sites with the highest levels noted for adults at 71–80 yr, attributed mainly to higher inhalation rates.

Influência das energias renováveis na certificação energética de uma habitação de acordo com o regulamento do desempenho energético dos edifícios de habitação

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal o estudo da importância que os sistemas de energias renováveis têm na obtenção da classe de eficiência energética em edifícios de habitação. Analisou-se assim, qual dos sistemas apresentados na legislação é mais vantajoso na relação entre a classe energética e o investimento necessário a efetuar. Como caso de estudo, utilizou-se um edifício de habitação em fase de projeto situada em ambiente urbano, a uma distância muito curta da costa marítima, no distrito do Porto. A primeira etapa da dissertação passou pela caracterização do edifício, determinando as suas necessidades nominais anuais de energia para aquecimento, para arrefecimento, para preparação de águas quentes sanitárias e por fim, as necessidades nominais de energia primária. Com isto, obteve-se a classe de eficiência energética da habitação sem a utilização de qualquer tipo de sistema de aproveitamento de energia renovável. Após esta obtenção, verificou-se que o edifício em análise já possuía uma classe muito eficiente, classe A, superior à classe mínima exigida pelo regulamento, B-. A desvantagem do edifício já possuir esta classe é que a implementação de sistemas de energia não iriam alterar drasticamente a classe, e por isso, não se iria conseguir retirar uma dedução correta de qual o melhor para promover a eficiência energética. De seguida, procedeu-se ao estudo dos sistemas de energia renovável, apresentando sistemas adequados para a habitação e calculando-se as novas classes de eficiência energética, com a utilização de cada sistema. Consecutivamente, começou-se a retirar ilações dos sistemas mais eficientes, ou seja, os sistemas que tem como função aquecer a moradia ou a função de preparar águas quentes sanitárias, pois, iriam mitigar necessidades nominais de energia, enquanto os sistemas de produção de energia elétrica apenas iriam contribuir para uma melhoria energética. Outra desvantagem verificada foi que, devido ao local onde a habitação se situa, não seria possível efetuar uma análise a todos os sistemas de aproveitamento de energia renovável. iv Por fim, efetuou-se uma análise dos investimentos necessários para a implementação dos sistemas de energias renováveis face às diminuições percentuais do rácio de eficiência energética. Posto isto, obteve-se os melhores sistemas a implementar na moradia, no ponto de vista de melhorar a classe de eficiência energética, seria uma caldeira a pellets com função de aquecimento e produção de águas quentes sanitárias, enquanto que, do ponto de vista financeiro obteve-se o sistema de aquecimento e produção de águas quentes sanitárias através de um recuperador de calor a lenha, que em ambos os casos a classe de eficiência energética passou de A para A+.

Assessment of groundwater contamination in an agricultural peri-urban area (NW Portugal): an integrated approach

The excessive use of pesticides and fertilisers in agriculture has generated a decrease in groundwater and surface water quality in many regions of the EU, constituting a hazard for human health and the environment. Besides, on-site sewage disposal is an important source of groundwater contamination in urban and peri-urban areas. The assessment of groundwater vulnerability to contamination is an important tool to fulfil the demands of EU Directives. The purpose of this study is to assess the groundwater vulnerability to contamination related mainly to agricultural activities in a peri-urban area (Vila do Conde, NW Portugal). The hydrogeological framework is characterised mainly by fissured granitic basement and sedimentary cover. Water samples were collected and analysed for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, chloride, phosphate, nitrate and nitrite. An evaluation of groundwater vulnerability to contamination was applied (GOD-S, Pesticide DRASTIC-Fm, SINTACS and SI) and the potential nitrate contamination risk was assessed, both on a hydrogeological GIS-based mapping. A principal component analysis was performed to characterised patterns of relationship among groundwater contamination, vulnerability, and the hydrogeological setting assessed. Levels of nitrate above legislation limits were detected in 75 % of the samples analysed. Alluvia units showed the highest nitrate concentrations and also the highest vulnerability and risk. Nitrate contamination is a serious problem affecting groundwater, particularly shallow aquifers, especially due to agriculture activities, livestock and cesspools. GIS-based cartography provided an accurate way to improve knowledge on water circulation models and global functioning of local aquifer systems. Finally, this study highlights the adequacy of an integrated approach, combining hydrogeochemical data, vulnerability assessments and multivariate analysis, to understand groundwater processes in peri-urban areas.

Auction of financial transmission rights in electricity market environment

An auction model is used to increase the individual profits for market players with products they do not use. A Financial Transmission Rights Auction has the goal of trade transmission rights between Bidders and helps them raise their own profits. The ISO plays a major rule on keep the system in technical limits without interfere on the auctions offers. In some auction models the ISO decide want bids are implemented on the network, always with the objective maximize the individual profits for all bidders in the auction. This paper proposes a methodology for a Financial Transmission Rights Auction and an informatics application. The application receives offers from the purchase and sale side and considers bilateral contracts as Base Case. This goal is maximize the individual profits within the system in their technical limits. The paper includes a case study for the 30 bus IEEE test case.

Ecotoxicological aspects related to the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment

Pharmaceuticals are biologically active and persistent substances which have been recognized as a continuing threat to environmental stability. Chronic ecotoxicity data as well as information on the current distribution levels in different environmental compartments continue to be sparse and are focused on those therapeutic classes that are more frequently prescribed and consumed. Nevertheless, they indicate the negative impact that these chemical contaminants may have on living organisms, ecosystems and ultimately, public health. This article reviews the different contamination sources as well as fate and both acute and chronic effects on non-target organisms. An extensive review of existing data in the form of tables, encompassing many therapeutic classes is presented.