Optimization model for medium term natural gas commitment

In this paper we study the optimal natural gas commitment for a known demand scenario. This study implies the best location of GSUs to supply all demands and the optimal allocation from sources to gas loads, through an appropriate transportation mode, in order to minimize total system costs. Our emphasis is on the formulation and use of a suitable optimization model, reflecting real-world operations and the constraints of natural gas systems. The mathematical model is based on a Lagrangean heuristic, using the Lagrangean relaxation, an efficient approach to solve the problem. Computational results are presented for Iberian and American natural gas systems, geographically organized in 65 and 88 load nodes, respectively. The location model results, supported by the computational application GasView, show the optimal location and allocation solution, system total costs and suggest a suitable gas transportation mode, presented in both numerical and graphic supports.

WiDom: a dominance protocol for wireless medium access

In this paper, we address the problem of sharing a wireless channel among a set of sporadic message streams where a message stream issues transmission requests with real-time deadlines. We propose a collision-free wireless medium access control (MAC) protocol which implements static-priority scheduling, supports a large number of priority levels and is fully distributed. It is an adaptation to a wireless channel of the dominance protocol used in the CAN bus. But, unlike that protocol, our protocol does not require a node having the ability to receive an incoming bit from the channel while transmitting to the channel. The evaluation of the protocol with real embedded computing platforms is presented to show that the proposed protocol is in fact collision-free and prioritized. We measure the response times of our implementation and show that the response-time analysis developed for the protocol offers an upper bound on the response times.

Implementation of a dominance protocol for wireless medium access

Consider the problem of scheduling sporadic message transmission requests with deadlines. For wired channels, this has been achieved successfully using the CAN bus. For wireless channels, researchers have recently proposed a similar solution; a collision-free medium access control (MAC) protocol that implements static-priority scheduling. Unfortunately no implementation has been reported, yet. We implement and evaluate it to find that the implementation indeed is collision-free and prioritized. This allows us to develop schedulability analysis for the implementation. We measure the response times of messages in our implementation and find that our new response-time analysis indeed offers an upper bound on the response times. This enables a new class of wireless real-time systems with timeliness guarantees for sporadic messages and it opens-up a new research area: schedulability analysis for wireless networks.

Dynamic Approach and Testbed for Small and Medium Players Simulation in Smart Grid Environments

The Smart Grid environment allows the integration of resources of small and medium players through the use of Demand Response programs. Despite the clear advantages for the grid, the integration of consumers must be carefully done. This paper proposes a system which simulates small and medium players. The system is essential to produce tests and studies about the active participation of small and medium players in the Smart Grid environment. When comparing to similar systems, the advantages comprise the capability to deal with three types of loads – virtual, contextual and real. It can have several loads optimization modules and it can run in real time. The use of modules and the dynamic configuration of the player results in a system which can represent different players in an easy and independent way. This paper describes the system and all its capabilities.

Análise comparativa de métodos de prospeção direta e indireta na determinação do topo rochoso para fundações

Com o decorrer dos tempos e com a evolução da indústria, acresce a necessidade de aparecimento de novas construções e consequentemente de novos desafios geotécnicos. Para responder a estes novos reptos que a construção nos lança é necessário aprofundar o conhecimento acerca dos materiais que constituem o subsolo e estudar o seu comportamento quando sujeito a novas solicitações, como por exemplo sobrecargas, pois parte do cálculo de dimensionamento de fundações das novas construções dependerá destas características. Existem duas possíveis formas de identificar os materiais existentes no subsolo e caracterizá‐los: através de ensaios de laboratório e de ensaios in situ, sendo nestes últimos que nos iremos focar. Os ensaios in situ, para além de outros dados, permitem‐nos estimar com algum grau de incerteza a profundidade a que se encontra o horizonte com capacidade de suporte pretendida, quer se trate ou não do bedrock, e identificar o processo mais indicado para a retirada do material: através de um meio mecânico de escavação ou por recurso a explosivos. Com a realização de ensaios de sísmica de refração e igualmente recorrendo a ensaios executados com o penetrómetro dinâmico médio (DPM), tentamos dar resposta a estas incógnitas através do cruzamento dos dados obtidos. No entanto, este cruzamento de dados pode não ser completamente esclarecedor, levando ao aparecimento de novas incógnitas às quais não seja possível dar resposta recorrendo‐se unicamente à informação recolhida por meio destes dois métodos, pois poderão revelar‐se insuficientes. Contudo, existem muitos outros ensaios in situ que podem ser realizados e capazes de nos ajudar a complementar os dados inicialmente obtidos no sentido de diminuir ou até mesmo eliminar as incógnitas existentes, e desta forma poder identificar e caraterizar o material existente com o maior grau de segurança possível.

Financiamentos das pequenas e médias empresas

Relatório de Estágio apresentado ao Instituto de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Contabilidade e Finanças, sob orientação do Mestre Carlos Lourenço Moreira de Barros