EMG of the transverse abdominus and multifidus during pilates exercises

The purpose of this research study was to evaluate the intensity of muscle activation of Transverse Abdominus /Oblique Internal (TrA/OI) and Multifidus (Mu) during the performance of four Pilates exercises (and variations), compared, in order to understand the importance of these exercises in the lumbopelvic stability in healthy subjects. The sample consisted of 8 individuals. Using the surface electromyography (EMG), it was found that there are differences in the intensity of muscle activation in the analyzed exercises and, therefore, “Shoulder bridge” and “ShoulderBridge_extension (right and left legs)“ are the more appropriate exercises for co-activation between TrA/OI and Mu muscles for the reeducation of lumbopelvic stability.

Efectividade de um programa de exercícios terapêuticos em meio aquático na ligamentoplastia do LCA

A reabilitação do joelho utilizando exercícios terapêuticos em meio aquático tem sido utilizada com o intuito de iniciar, de forma imediata os movimentos articulares, pois reduz a dor e permite a carga de peso mais precoce. Apesar destas vantagens serem reconhecidas, poucos estudos têm sido realizados no sentido de determinar a efectividade dos exercícios terapêuticos em meio aquático na reabilitação pós-cirúrgica do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) Objectivo: Descrever os efeitos de um programa de exercícios terapêuticos em meio aquático num caso clínico de ligamentoplastia do cruzado anterior. Metodologia: Um jogador de futebol de 27 anos de idade, sujeito a uma ligamentoplastia do LCA, completou um programa de exercícios terapêuticos em meio aquático que constou de um total de 24 sessões (4 por semana, e 60 minutos por sessão). O atleta foi avaliado em três momentos distintos (T0, no início da intervenção, T1, três semanas após o início da intervenção e T2, seis semanas após o início da intervenção. Como parâmetros de avaliação foram utilizadas as amplitudes articulares (goniometria), o teste muscular manual, o volume muscular (perimetria), o equilíbrio estável (Y Balance Test (YBT)) e a funcionalidade (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS)). Resultados: Após as 24 sessões verificou-se uma melhoria nos diversos parâmetros avaliados (flexão do joelho: 75º vs 134º; extensão do joelho: -7º vs 0º; força dos flexores e extensores do joelho: 3 vs 4+; perimetria da coxa: 46,2 cm vs 51,5 cm; YBT: equilíbrio anterior (resultados correspondentes aos momentos T1 e T2): 53 cm vs 72 cm; posterolateral: 46 cm vs 61 cm; posteromedial: 39 cm vs 57 cm; KOOS: dor/sintomas: 17 vs 92, outros sintomas: 25 vs 75, actividades da vida diária: 12 vs 90, actividades desportivas e de lazer: 0 vs 55, qualidade de vida relacionada com o joelho: 0 vs 50. Conclusão: O programa de exercícios terapêuticos em meio aquático utilizado neste estudo parece ter efeitos benéficos num caso clínico de ligamentoplastia do cruzado anterior.

Efeito de um programa de exercício em indivíduos com patologia cardíaca: serie de estudos de caso

Sendo, o exercício físico uma parte importante na Reabilitação de pacientes com patologia cardíaca, o presente estudo tem por Objectivo: verificar se um programa de exercícios aeróbios, mesmo quando associadas a patologias crónicas poderão ter efeito nas variáveis da capacidade funcional, ansiedade e depressão e qualidade de vida. Tipo de estudo: série de estudos de caso prospectivo. Métodos: O programa de exercício realizou-se em 8 semanas tendo cada um dos doentes cardíacos sido avaliados no início do plano e no fim das 8 semanas sobre os seguintes aspectos: a composição corporal (massa magra, massa gorda, Taxa metabólica basal e água), o teste dos 6 minutos de marcha, em termos de ansiedade /depressão e percepção do estados de saúde. Resultados: Em relação à composição corporal, destacase a perda de peso no caso clínico 4 com uma variação de -4.54%; aumento de massa magra de 46.6% e uma diminuição de massa gorda de -41 .1% no caso clínico 2 e um aumento de 4,78% da taxa de metabolismo basal no caso clínico 1 . Na capacidade funcional de exercício houve uma variação média positiva de 16,8% na distância percorrida; verifica-se também um aumento gradual de tempo de exercício ao longo das 8 semanas de tratamento. Por último, uma variação média negativa nos níveis de ansiedade de -28,5% e depressão de -40%; um aumento de 30% na percepção subjectiva do estado de saúde nos 4 casos clínicos deste estudo. Conclusão: O programa de exercícios teve efeitos positivos nos 4 casos clínicos estudados. No entanto, pelas características individuais de cada caso, os seus efeitos tiveram impacto diferente em cada caso, devendo por isso, ser prescrito exercício de forma individualizada.

Association between birth weight and neuromotor performance: a twin study

The development of neonatal intensive care has led to an increase in the prevalence of children with low birth weight and associated morbidity. The objectives of this study are to verify (1) The association between birth weight (BW) and neuromotor performance? (2) Is the neuromotor performance of twins within the normal range? (3) Are intra-pair similarities in neuromotor development of Monozygotic (MZ) and Disygotic (DZ) twins of unequal magnitude? The sample consisted of 191 children (78 MZ and 113 DZ), 8.9+3.1 years of age and with an average BW of 2246.3+485.4g. In addition to gestational characteristics, sports participation and Zurich Neuromotor Assessment (ZNA) were observed at childhood age. The statistical analysis was carried out with software SPSS 18.0, the STATA 10 and the ZNA performance scores. The level of significance was 0.05. For the neuromotor items high intra and inter-investigator reliabilities were obtained (0.793

BabeLO : an extensible converter of programming exercises formats

In the last two decades, there was a proliferation of programming exercise formats that hinders interoperability in automatic assessment. In the lack of a widely accepted standard, a pragmatic solution is to convert content among the existing formats. BabeLO is a programming exercise converter providing services to a network of heterogeneous e-learning systems such as contest management systems, programming exercise authoring tools, evaluation engines and repositories of learning objects. Its main feature is the use of a pivotal format to achieve greater extensibility. This approach simplifies the extension to other formats, just requiring the conversion to and from the pivotal format. This paper starts with an analysis of programming exercise formats representative of the existing diversity. This analysis sets the context for the proposed approach to exercise conversion and to the description of the pivotal data format. The abstract service definition is the basis for the design of BabeLO, its components and web service interface. This paper includes a report on the use of BabeLO in two concrete scenarios: to relocate exercises to a different repository, and to use an evaluation engine in a network of heterogeneous systems.

CrimsonHex: a learning objects repository for programming exercises

A repository of learning objects is a system that stores electronic resources in a technology-mediated learning process. The need for this kind of repository is growing as more educators become eager to use digital educa- tional contents and more of it becomes available. The sharing and use of these resources relies on the use of content and communication standards as a means to describe and exchange educational resources, commonly known as learning objects. This paper presents the design and implementation of a service-oriented reposi- tory of learning objects called crimsonHex. This repository supports new definitions of learning objects for specialized domains and we illustrate this feature with the definition of programming exercises as learning objects and its validation by the repository. The repository is also fully compliant with existing commu- nication standards and we propose extensions by adding new functions, formalizing message interchange and providing a REST interface. To validate the interoperability features of the repository, we developed a repository plug-in for Moodle that is expected to be included in the next release of this popular learning management system.

Orchestration of e-learning services for automatic evaluation of programming exercises

Managing programming exercises require several heterogeneous systems such as evaluation engines, learning objects repositories and exercise resolution environments. The coordination of networks of such disparate systems is rather complex. These tools would be too specific to incorporate in an e-Learning platform. Even if they could be provided as pluggable components, the burden of maintaining them would be prohibitive to institutions with few courses in those domains. This work presents a standard based approach for the coordination of a network of e-Learning systems participating on the automatic evaluation of programming exercises. The proposed approach uses a pivot component to orchestrate the interaction among all the systems using communication standards. This approach was validated through its effective use on classroom and we present some preliminary results.

Specifying a programming exercises evaluation service on the e-Framework

The e-Framework is arguably the most prominent e-learning framework currently in use. For this reason it was selected as basis for modelling a programming exercises evaluation service. The purpose of this type of evaluator is to mark and grade exercises in computer programming courses and in programming contests. By exposing its functions as services a programming exercise evaluator is able to participate in business processes integrating different system types, such as Programming Contest Management Systems, Learning Management Systems, Integrated Development Environments and Learning Object Repositories. This paper formalizes the approaches to be used in the implementation of a programming exercise evaluator as a service on the e-Framework.

PExIL: Programming Exercises Interoperability Language

Several standards appeared in recent years to formalize the metadata of learning objects, but they are still insufficient to fully describe a specialized domain. In particular, the programming exercise domain requires interdependent resources (e.g. test cases, solution programs, exercise description) usually processed by different services in the programming exercise life-cycle. Moreover, the manual creation of these resources is time-consuming and error-prone leading to what is an obstacle to the fast development of programming exercises of good quality. This paper focuses on the definition of an XML dialect called PExIL (Programming Exercises Interoperability Language). The aim of PExIL is to consolidate all the data required in the programming exercise life-cycle, from when it is created to when it is graded, covering also the resolution, the evaluation and the feedback. We introduce the XML Schema used to formalize the relevant data of the programming exercise life-cycle. The validation of this approach is made through the evaluation of the usefulness and expressiveness of the PExIL definition. In the former we present the tools that consume the PExIL definition to automatically generate the specialized resources. In the latter we use the PExIL definition to capture all the constraints of a set of programming exercises stored in a learning objects repository.

Programming exercises evaluation systems: an interoperability survey

Learning computer programming requires solving programming exercises. In computer programming courses teachers need to assess and give feedback to a large number of exercises. These tasks are time consuming and error-prone since there are many aspects relating to good programming that should be considered. In this context automatic assessment tools can play an important role helping teachers in grading tasks as well to assist students with automatic feedback. In spite of its usefulness, these tools lack integration mechanisms with other eLearning systems such as Learning Management Systems, Learning Objects Repositories or Integrated Development Environments. In this paper we provide a survey on programming evaluation systems. The survey gathers information on interoperability features of these systems, categorizing and comparing them regarding content and communication standardization. This work may prove useful to instructors and computer science educators when they have to choose an assessment system to be integrated in their e-Learning environment.

PETCHA: a Programming Exercises Teaching Assistant

This paper presents a tool called Petcha that acts as an automated Teaching Assistant in computer programming courses. The ultimate objective of Petcha is to increase the number of programming exercises effectively solved by students. Petcha meets this objective by helping both teachers to author programming exercises and students to solve them. It also coordinates a network of heterogeneous systems, integrating automatic program evaluators, learning management systems, learning object repositories and integrated programming environments. This paper presents the concept and the design of Petcha and sets this tool in a service oriented architecture for managing learning processes based on the automatic evaluation of programming exercises. The paper presents also a case study that validates the use of Petcha and of the proposed architecture.

Bridging between programming exercises formats with BabeLO

Assessment plays a vital role in learning. This is certainly the case with assessment of computer programs, both in curricular and competitive learning. The lack of a standard – or at least a widely used format – creates a modern Ba- bel tower made of Learning Objects, of assessment items that cannot be shared among automatic assessment systems. These systems whose interoperability is hindered by the lack of a common format include contest management systems, evaluation engines, repositories of learning objects and authoring tools. A prag- matical approach to remedy this problem is to create a service to convert among existing formats. A kind of translation service specialized in programming prob- lems formats. To convert programming exercises on-the-fly among the most used formats is the purpose of the BabeLO – a service to cope with the existing Babel of Learning Object formats for programming exercises. BabeLO was designed as a service to act as a middleware in a network of systems typically used in auto- matic assessment of programs. It provides support for multiple exercise formats and can be used by: evaluation engines to assess exercises regardless of its format; repositories to import exercises from various sources; authoring systems to create exercises in multiple formats or based on exercises from other sources. This paper analyses several of existing formats to highlight both their differ- ences and their similar features. Based on this analysis it presents an approach to extensible format conversion. It presents also the features of PExIL, the pivotal format in which the conversion is based; and the function definitions of the proposed service – BabeLO. Details on the design and implementation of BabeLO, including the service API and the interfaces required to extend the conversion to a new format, are also provided. To evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of this approach this paper reports on two actual uses of BabeLO: to relocate exercises to a different repository; and to use an evaluation engine in a network of heterogeneous systems.

Making programming exercises interoperable with PExIL

Several standards have appeared in recent years to formalize the metadata of learning objects, but they are still insufficient to fully describe a specialized domain. In particular, the programming exercise domain requires interdependent resources (e.g. test cases, solution programs, exercise description) usually processed by different services in the programming exercise lifecycle. Moreover, the manual creation of these resources is time-consuming and error-prone, leading to an obstacle to the fast development of programming exercises of good quality. This chapter focuses on the definition of an XML dialect called PExIL (Programming Exercises Interoperability Language). The aim of PExIL is to consolidate all the data required in the programming exercise lifecycle from when it is created to when it is graded, covering also the resolution, the evaluation, and the feedback. The authors introduce the XML Schema used to formalize the relevant data of the programming exercise lifecycle. The validation of this approach is made through the evaluation of the usefulness and expressiveness of the PExIL definition. In the former, the authors present the tools that consume the PExIL definition to automatically generate the specialized resources. In the latter, they use the PExIL definition to capture all the constraints of a set of programming exercises stored in a learning objects repository.

Effects of the Mediterranean diet and exercise in subjects with coronary artery disease

Introduction The association of the Mediterranean diet and exercise appears to have a protective role, reducing cardiovascular risk. This study investigated the effects of education sessions on the Mediterranean diet and an exercise program in modifying eating behaviors, body composition and abdominal fat. Methods An experimental study was performed on 20 subjects with known coronary heart disease randomly assigned to experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. Both groups received education sessions on the Mediterranean diet, but the experimental group also followed an eight-week program of specific exercises. A semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was administered to analyze food intake, bioimpedance was used to measure weight, fat mass and lean mass, and waist circumference was measured to calculate waist-to-height ratio. Results After eight weeks, protein (p<0.05) and cholesterol (p<0.05) intake in the experimental group had decreased significantly compared with the control group. Between the beginning and end of the study, there were significant decreases in the control group in carbohydrate (p<0.05) and saturated fat intake (p<0.05). In both groups the percentage of total fat (p<0.05) and fat mass (p<0.05) was significantly decreased. In the experimental group the waist-to-height ratio was significantly reduced (p<0.05). Conclusion The Mediterranean diet reduced carbohydrate and saturated fat intake, reflected in reduced fat mass. The association of the exercise program showed additional benefits in reduction of protein and cholesterol intake and abdominal fat.