Impacto da influência do ar novo na climatização de edifícios

Este trabalho surgiu do âmbito da Tese de Dissertação do Mestrado em Energias Sustentáveis do Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, tendo o acompanhamento dos orientadores da empresa Laboratório Ecotermolab do Instituto de Soldadura e Qualidade e do Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, de forma a garantir a linha traçada indo de acordo aos objectivos propostos. A presente tese abordou o estudo do impacto da influência do ar novo na climatização de edifícios, tendo como base de apoio à análise a simulação dinâmica do edifício em condições reais num programa adequado, acreditado pela norma ASHRAE 140-2004. Este trabalho pretendeu evidenciar qual o impacto da influência do ar novo na climatização de um edifício com a conjugação de vários factores, tais como, ocupação, actividades e padrões de utilização (horários), iluminação e equipamentos, estudando ainda a possibilidade do sistema funcionar em regime de “Free-Cooling”. O princípio partiu fundamentalmente por determinar até que ponto se pode climatizar recorrendo único e exclusivamente à introdução de ar novo em regime de “Free-Cooling”, através de um sistema tudo-ar de Volume de Ar Variável - VAV, sem o apoio de qualquer outro sistema de climatização auxiliar localizado no espaço, respeitando os caudais mínimos impostos pelo RSECE (Decreto-Lei 79/2006). Numa primeira fase foram identificados todos os dados relativos à determinação das cargas térmicas do edifício, tendo em conta todos os factores e contributos alusivos ao valor da carga térmica, tais como a transmissão de calor e seus constituintes, a iluminação, a ventilação, o uso de equipamentos e os níveis de ocupação. Consequentemente foram elaboradas diversas simulações dinâmicas com o recurso ao programa EnergyPlus integrado no DesignBuilder, conjugando variáveis desde as envolventes à própria arquitectura, perfis de utilização ocupacional, equipamentos e taxas de renovação de ar nos diferentes espaços do edifício em estudo. Obtiveram-se vários modelos de forma a promover um estudo comparativo e aprofundado que permitisse determinar o impacto do ar novo na climatização do edifício, perspectivando a capacidade funcional do sistema funcionar em regime de “Free-Cooling”. Deste modo, a análise e comparação dos dados obtidos permitiram chegar às seguintes conclusões: Tendo em consideração que para necessidades de arrefecimento bastante elevadas, o “Free-Cooling” diurno revelou-se pouco eficaz ou quase nulo, para o tipo de clima verificado em Portugal, pois o diferencial de temperatura existente entre o exterior e o interior não é suficiente de modo a tornar possível a remoção das cargas de forma a baixar a temperatura interior para o intervalo de conforto. Em relação ao “Free-Cooling” em horário nocturno ou pós-laboral, este revelou-se bem mais eficiente. Obtiveram-se prestações muito interessantes sobretudo durante as estações de aquecimento e meia-estação, tendo em consideração o facto de existir necessidades de arrefecimento mesmo durante a estação de aquecimento. Referente à ventilação nocturna, isto é, em períodos de madrugada e fecho do edifício, concluiu-se que tal contribui para um abaixamento do calor acumulado durante o dia nos materiais construtivos do edifício e que é libertado ou restituído posteriormente para os espaços em períodos mais tardios. De entre as seguintes variáveis, aumento de caudal de ar novo insuflado e o diferencial de temperatura existente entre o ar exterior e interior, ficou demonstrado que este último teria maior peso contributivo na remoção do calor. Por fim, é ponto assente que de um modo geral, um sistema de climatização será sempre indispensável devido a cargas internas elevadas, requisitos interiores de temperatura e humidade, sendo no entanto aconselhado o “Free- Cooling” como um opção viável a incorporar na solução de climatização, de forma a promover o arrefecimento natural, a redução do consumo energético e a introdução activa de ar novo.

Impact of the Meteorology Conditions on the Particulate Matter Dispersion from an Industrial Complex into Urban and Suburban Areas

The aim of this work was to assess the influence of meteorological conditions on the dispersion of particulate matter from an industrial zone into urban and suburban areas. The particulate matter concentration was related to the most important meteorological variables such as wind direction, velocity and frequency. A coal-fired power plant was considered to be the main emission source with two stacks of 225 m height. A middle point between the two stacks was taken as the centre of two concentric circles with 6 and 20 km radius delimiting the sampling area. About 40 sampling collectors were placed within this area. Meteorological data was obtained from a portable meteorological station placed at approximately 1.7 km to SE from the stacks. Additional data was obtained from the electrical company that runs the coal power plant. These data covers the years from 2006 to the present. A detailed statistical analysis was performed to identify the most frequent meteorological conditions concerning mainly wind speed and direction. This analysis revealed that the most frequent wind blows from Northwest and North and the strongest winds blow from Northwest. Particulate matter deposition was obtained in two sampling campaigns carried out in summer and in spring. For the first campaign the monthly average flux deposition was 1.90 g/m2 and for the second campaign this value was 0.79 g/m2. Wind dispersion occurred predominantly from North to South, away from the nearest residential area, located at about 6 km to Northwest from the stacks. Nevertheless, the higher deposition fluxes occurred in the NW/N and NE/E quadrants. This study was conducted considering only the contribution of particulate matter from coal combustion, however, others sources may be present as well, such as road traffic. Additional chemical analyses and microanalysis are needed to identify the source linkage to flux deposition levels.

An uncertainty and sensitivity analysis applied to the prioritisation of pharmaceuticals as surface water contaminants from wastewater treatment plant direct emissions

In this study, the concentration probability distributions of 82 pharmaceutical compounds detected in the effluents of 179 European wastewater treatment plants were computed and inserted into a multimedia fate model. The comparative ecotoxicological impact of the direct emission of these compounds from wastewater treatment plants on freshwater ecosystems, based on a potentially affected fraction (PAF) of species approach, was assessed to rank compounds based on priority. As many pharmaceuticals are acids or bases, the multimedia fate model accounts for regressions to estimate pH-dependent fate parameters. An uncertainty analysis was performed by means of Monte Carlo analysis, which included the uncertainty of fate and ecotoxicity model input variables, as well as the spatial variability of landscape characteristics on the European continental scale. Several pharmaceutical compounds were identified as being of greatest concern, including 7 analgesics/anti-inflammatories, 3 β-blockers, 3 psychiatric drugs, and 1 each of 6 other therapeutic classes. The fate and impact modelling relied extensively on estimated data, given that most of these compounds have little or no experimental fate or ecotoxicity data available, as well as a limited reported occurrence in effluents. The contribution of estimated model input variables to the variance of freshwater ecotoxicity impact, as well as the lack of experimental abiotic degradation data for most compounds, helped in establishing priorities for further testing. Generally, the effluent concentration and the ecotoxicity effect factor were the model input variables with the most significant effect on the uncertainty of output results.

Optimization of antioxidants extraction from coffee silverskin, aroasting by-product, having in view a sustainable process

Coffee silverskin is a major roasting by-product that could be valued as a source of antioxidant compounds. The effect of the major variables (solvent polarity, temperature and extraction time) affecting the extraction yields of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of silverskin extracts was evaluated. The extracts composition varied significantly with the extraction conditions used. A factorial experimental design showed that the use of a hydroalcoholic solvent (50%:50%) at 40 °C for 60 min is a sustainable option to maximize the extraction yield of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant capacity of extracts. Using this set of conditions it was possible to obtain extracts containing total phenolics (302.5 ± 7.1 mg GAE/L), tannins (0.43 ± 0.06 mg TAE/L), and flavonoids (83.0 ± 1.4 mg ECE/L), exhibiting DPPHradical dot scavenging activity (326.0 ± 5.7 mg TE/L) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (1791.9 ± 126.3 mg SFE/L). These conditions allowed, in comparison with other “more effective” for some individual parameters, a cost reduction, saving time and energy.

Analysis of World Economic Variables Using Multidimensional Scaling

Waves of globalization reflect the historical technical progress and modern economic growth. The dynamics of this process are here approached using the multidimensional scaling (MDS) methodology to analyze the evolution of GDP per capita, international trade openness, life expectancy, and education tertiary enrollment in 14 countries. MDS provides the appropriate theoretical concepts and the exact mathematical tools to describe the joint evolution of these indicators of economic growth, globalization, welfare and human development of the world economy from 1977 up to 2012. The polarization dance of countries enlightens the convergence paths, potential warfare and present-day rivalries in the global geopolitical scene.