MicroRNA-375 plays a dual role in prostate carcinogenesis

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa), a highly incident and heterogeneous malignancy, mostly affects men from developed countries. Increased knowledge of the biological mechanisms underlying PCa onset and progression are critical for improved clinical management. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) deregulation is common in human cancers, and understanding how it impacts in PCa is of major importance. MiRNAs are mostly downregulated in cancer, although some are overexpressed, playing a critical role in tumor initiation and progression. We aimed to identify miRNAs overexpressed in PCa and subsequently determine its impact in tumorigenesis. Results: MicroRNA expression profiling in primary PCa and morphological normal prostate (MNPT) tissues identified 17 miRNAs significantly overexpressed in PCa. Expression of three miRNAs, not previously associated with PCa, was subsequently assessed in large independent sets of primary tumors, in which miR-182 and miR-375 were validated, but not miR-32. Significantly higher expression levels of miR-375 were depicted in patients with higher Gleason score and more advanced pathological stage, as well as with regional lymph nodes metastases. Forced expression of miR-375 in PC-3 cells, which display the lowest miR-375 levels among PCa cell lines, increased apoptosis and reduced invasion ability and cell viability. Intriguingly, in 22Rv1 cells, which displayed the highest miR-375 expression, knockdown experiments also attenuated the malignant phenotype. Gene ontology analysis implicated miR-375 in several key pathways deregulated in PCa, including cell cycle and cell differentiation. Moreover, CCND2 was identified as putative miR-375 target in PCa, confirmed by luciferase assay. Conclusions: A dual role for miR-375 in prostate cancer progression is suggested, highlighting the importance of cellular context on microRNA targeting.

Os modelos das demonstrações financeiras

Orientador: Doutor, José Manuel Veiga Pereira

Electrochemical study of butylate: application to the analysis of water

The electroactivity of butylate (BTL) is studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) at a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). Britton–Robinson buffer solutions of pH 1.9–11.5 are used as supporting electrolyte. CV voltammograms using GCE show a single anodic peak regarding the oxidation of BTL at +1.7V versus AgCl/ Ag, an irreversible process controlled by diffusion. Using a HMDE, a single cathodic peak is observed, at 1.0V versus AgCl/Ag. The reduction of BTL is irreversible and controlled by adsorption. Mechanism proposals are presented for these redox transformations. Optimisation is carried out univaryingly. Linearity ranges were 0.10–0.50 mmol L-1 and 2.0–9.0 µmolL-1 for anodic and cathodic peaks, respectively. The proposed method is applied to the determination of BTL in waters. Analytical results compare well with those obtained by an HPLC method.

Accionamentos eficientes de força‐motriz. Nova classificação

Os motores eléctricos, particularmente o motor assíncrono de indução, são o tipo de máquina mais utilizada na indústria em virtude da sua grande versatilidade, gama de potências, robustez, duração, reduzida manutenção, baixa poluição, facilidade de produção e custos de aquisição relativamente baixos. Como qualquer máquina, o motor eléctrico, responsável pela conversão de energia eléctrica em mecânica, apresenta perdas. O rendimento (ou eficiência) é definido como sendo a razão entre a potência de saída (ao nível do veio de saída do accionamento) e a potência eléctrica absorvida à entrada. A produção de energia mecânica, através da utilização de motores eléctricos, absorve cerca de 60% da energia eléctrica consumida no sector industrial do nosso País, da qual apenas metade é energia útil. Este sector é, pois, um daqueles em que é preciso tentar fazer economias, prioritariamente. Os sistemas de accionamentos têm que ser abordados como um todo, já que a existência de um componente de baixo rendimento influencia drasticamente o rendimento global. O êxito neste domínio depende, em primeiro lugar, da melhor adequação da potência do motor à da máquina que ele acciona. Quando o regime de funcionamento é muito variável para permitir este ajustamento, pode‐se equipar o motor com um conversor electrónico de variação de velocidade. Outra possibilidade é a utilização dos motores “ de perdas reduzidas”, de “alto rendimento”, ou “elevada eficiência”, que permitem economias energéticas consideráveis. Nos últimos anos, muitos fabricantes de motores investiram fortemente na pesquisa e desenvolvimento de novos produtos com o objectivo de colocarem no mercado motores mais eficientes. O acordo voluntário obtido em 1999 entre a CEMEP (Associação Europeia de Fabricantes de Motores Eléctricos) e a Comissão Europeia sobre o rendimento de motores de 2 e 4 pólos, na gama de potências 1,1 a 90 kW, foi revisto em 2004. Os motores foram classificados de acordo com o seu rendimento: ‐ EFF1 – Motores de alto rendimento; ‐ EFF2 – Motores de rendimento aumentado; ‐ EFF3 – Motores sem qualquer requisito especial. No seguimento da directiva "Eco‐design Directive (2005/32/CE) “ publicada em 2005 para Produtos que consomem energia (EUP), a Comissão Europeia aprovou em Julho de 2009 um regulamento de aplicação dos requisitos de concepção ecológica para os motores eléctricos, com efeitos a partir de meados de 2011, dando aos fabricantes de cerca de 2 anos para garantir que seus produtos cumprem a referida directiva. O lote 11 da Directiva EUP (Energy Using Products) descreve as orientações de design, a compatibilidade ambiental, o impacte ambiental e o consumo de energia de máquinas / motores eléctricos rotativos de alto rendimento. A directiva abrange os motores de 2, 4 e 6 pólos, na gama de potências de 0,75 a 375 kW. Neste âmbito, os motores passam a ser classificados por: ‐ IE1 (igual a EFF2) – com utilização proibida; ‐ IE2 (igual a EFF1) – com utilização obrigatória; ‐ IE3 (igual a Premium) – com utilização voluntária; ‐ IE4 (ainda não aplicável a accionamentos assíncronos).

Consistency and Context Management in a Multi Agent Belief Revision Testbed

Multi-agent architectures are well suited for complex inherently distributed problem solving domains. From the many challenging aspects that arise within this framework, a crucial one emerges: how to incorporate dynamic and conflicting agent beliefs? While the belief revision activity in a single agent scenario is concentrated on incorporating new information while preserving consistency, in a multi-agent system it also has to deal with possible conflicts between the agents perspectives. To provide an adequate framework, each agent, built as a combination of an assumption based belief revision system and a cooperation layer, was enriched with additional features: a distributed search control mechanism allowing dynamic context management, and a set of different distributed consistency methodologies. As a result, a Distributed Belief Revision Testbed (DiBeRT) was developed. This paper is a preliminary report presenting some of DiBeRT contributions: a concise representation of external beliefs; a simple and innovative methodology to achieve distributed context management; and a reduced inter-agent data exchange format.

Buildings Sustainability: The HVAC Contribution

A very important part of the globally produced energy is consumed in buildings, being an important share frequently used in the HVAC systems. These ones are increasing both in performance and in complexity, taking advantage from the use of the recent advances in mechanical and power electronic devices, particularly in the speed variation field. However the improved efficiency only occurs while the HVAC unit is working in the conditions specified by the manufacturer, otherwise the energy consumption raises to values considerably higher than the nominal ones. The adequate maintenance enforces the system to run on its nominal performance and the contrary has undesirable impact both in the performance and in the system expected life time. Therefore, HVAC field maintenance assumes a very important role in the global building sustainability concept. This work presents some results of an incorrect use of HVAC and the associated electric energy overconsumption that can assume values 50% higher than those that occur when the installation is operated according to the adequate maintenance plan.