Survey of trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Si) in retail samples of flavoured and bottled waters

Concentrations of eleven trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Si) were measured in 39 (natural and flavoured) water samples. Determinations were performed using graphite furnace electrothermetry for almost all elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Si). For Se determination hydride generation was used, and cold vapour generation for Hg. These techniques were coupled to atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The trace element content of still or sparkling natural waters changed from brand to brand. Significant differences between natural still and natural sparkling waters (p<0.001) were only apparent for Mn. The Mann–Whitney U-test was used to search for significant differences between flavoured and natural waters. The concentration of each element was compared with the presence of flavours, preservatives, acidifying agents, fruit juice and/or sweeteners, according to the labelled composition. It was shown that flavoured waters generally increase the trace element content. The addition of preservatives and acidifying regulators had a significant influence on Mn, Co, As and Si contents (p<0.05). Fruit juice can also be correlated to the increase of Co and As. Sweeteners did not provide any significant difference in Mn, Co, Se and Si content.

Lead (pb) toxicity in saccharomyces cerevisiae: the role of cell wall

O chumbo é utilizado em muitos produtos, tais como baterias, gasolina, tintas e corantes, resultando na sua libertação no meio ambiente. Neste trabalho, foi examinado o papel da parede celular da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae como uma barreira ou como alvo da toxicidade do chumbo. A biodisponibilidade do Pb é muito reduzida pelos componentes do meio de cultura YEPD, o que dificulta a avaliação da toxicidade deste elemento em concentrações ambientalmente realistas. Para avaliar a toxicidade de Pb em S. cerevisiae, em condições de crescimento, foram efetuadas diferentes diluições (10-100 vezes) do meio YEPD, as quais foram misturadas com várias concentrações de Pb (0,1-1,0 mmol/l). Observou-se que o YEPD diluído 25 vezes constituía a melhor condição de compromisso entre o crescimento celular e a precipitação de Pb. Os genes CWP1 e CWP2 codificam para duas grandes manoproteínas da parede celular da levedura S. cerevisiae; a deleção destes genes CWP aumenta a permeabilidade da parede celular. A suscetibilidade de células de levedura interrompidas no gene CWP1 (estirpe cwp1Δ) ou CWP2 (estirpe cwp2Δ) foi comparada com a da estirpe, isogénica, selvagem (WT). Verificou-se que o crescimento das estirpes cwp1Δ e cwp2Δ, no meio de cultura YEPD 25 vezes diluído, na presença de Pb, não diferiu do crescimento da estirpe WT. Este resultado sugere que a alteração da permeabilidade da parede celular não altera a sensibilidade de células de levedura ao Pb. Foi investigada o impacto do Pb na parede celular de levedura. Para este efeito, comparou-se a suscetibilidade ao dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS), ao calcofluor (CFW) e a uma enzima que degrada a parede da célula (liticase), em células da estirpe WT não expostas ou expostas a Pb durante 4, 8 ou 24 h. Além disso, o conteúdo de quitina da parede celular de levedura foi investigada por coloração das células com CFW. Os resultados não mostraram uma alteração da suscetibilidade ao SDS e ao CFW, nas células tratadas com Pb; contudo, nas células tratadas durante 24 h com Pb, observou-se um aumento da sensibilidade à liticase e um aumento da coloração com CFW. Estes resultados sugerem que o chumbo interage com a parede celular da levedura e influencia a sua composição. Deve ser levado a cabo trabalho adicional a fim de confirmar estes resultados.

Should the U.S. adapt to the world? The first debate on american exceptionalism and its impact on the founding of the United States

This paper aims at putting into perspective the recent, post 9/11 debate on the United States‘ alleged exceptionalism and its impact on the definition of American foreign policy. It reminds the readers that the United States was born as a result of a similar debate, at a time when a crucial choice for its future was to be made. Indeed, the Founding Fathers discarded the revolutionary idea that America was altogether different from other (European) nations and, as such, could succeed in saving republicanism and concentrate on domestic affairs. As Gordon Wood and Harvey Mansfield have shown, the 1787 version of republicanism stood as a departure from its earlier version, and such a change was necessary to the creation of a full-fledged federation, therefore paving the way to the current powerful Federal Republic. The early failure of the exceptionalist creed did not cause its disappearance, as the contemporary form of exceptionalism demonstrates, but created conditions that made an enduring and powerful influence very difficult.

Removal of Cd(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions by brown marine macro algae: kinetic modelling

Specific marine macro algae species abundant at the Portuguese coast (Laminaria hyperborea, Bifurcaria bifurcata, Sargassum muticum and Fucus spiralis) were shown to be effective for removing toxic metals (Cd(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II)) from aqueous solutions. The initial metal concentrations in solution were about 75–100 mg L−1. The observed biosorption capacities for cadmium, zinc and lead ions were in the ranges of 23.9–39.5, 18.6–32.0 and 32.3–50.4 mg g−1, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed that the metal uptake rate was rather fast, with 75% of the total amount occurring in the first 10 min for all algal species. Experimental data were well fitted by a pseudo-second order rate equation. The contribution of internal diffusion mechanism was significant only to the initial biosorption stage. Results indicate that all the studied macro algae species can provide an efficient and cost-effective technology for eliminating heavy metals from industrial effluents.

A preliminary idea for an 8-competitive, log2 DMAX + log2 log2 1/U asymptotic-space, interface generation algorithm for two-level hierarchical scheduling of constrained-deadline sporadic tasks on a uniprocessor

Consider a single processor and a software system. The software system comprises components and interfaces where each component has an associated interface and each component comprises a set of constrained-deadline sporadic tasks. A scheduling algorithm (called global scheduler) determines at each instant which component is active. The active component uses another scheduling algorithm (called local scheduler) to determine which task is selected for execution on the processor. The interface of a component makes certain information about a component visible to other components; the interfaces of all components are used for schedulability analysis. We address the problem of generating an interface for a component based on the tasks inside the component. We desire to (i) incur only a small loss in schedulability analysis due to the interface and (ii) ensure that the amount of space (counted in bits) of the interface is small; this is because such an interface hides as much details of the component as possible. We present an algorithm for generating such an interface.

Radiological impact associated to Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) from coal-fired power plants emissions

Certain materials used and produced in a wide range of non-nuclear industries contain enhanced activity concentrations of natural radionuclides. In particular, electricity production from coal is one of the major sources of increased human exposure to naturally occurring radioactive materials. A methodology was developed to assess the radiological impact due to natural radiation background. The developed research was applied to a specific case study, the Sines coal-fired power plant, located in the southwest coastline of Portugal. Gamma radiation measurements were carried out with two different instruments: a sodium iodide scintillation detector counter (SPP2 NF, Saphymo) and a gamma ray spectrometer with energy discrimination (Falcon 5000, Canberra). Two circular survey areas were defined within 20 km of the power plant. Forty relevant measurements points were established within the sampling area: 15 urban and 25 suburban locations. Additionally, ten more measurements points were defined, mostly at the 20-km area. The registered gamma radiation varies from 20 to 98.33 counts per seconds (c.p.s.) corresponding to an external gamma exposure rate variable between 87.70 and 431.19 nGy/h. The highest values were measured at locations near the power plant and those located in an area within the 6 and 20 km from the stacks. In situ gamma radiation measurements with energy discrimination identified natural emitting nuclides as well as their decay products (Pb-212, Pb-2142, Ra-226, Th-232, Ac-228, Th-234, Pa-234, U- 235, etc.). According to the results, an influence from the stacks emissions has been identified both qualitatively and quantitatively. The developed methodology accomplished the lack of data in what concerns to radiation rate in the vicinity of Sines coal-fired power plant and consequently the resulting exposure to the nearby population.

Mitochondria are the main source and one of the targets of Pb (lead)-induced oxidative stress in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a useful model organism for studying lead (Pb) toxicity. Yeast cells of a laboratory S. cerevisiae strain (WT strain) were incubated with Pb concentrations up to 1,000 μmol/l for 3 h. Cells exposed to Pb lost proliferation capacity without damage to the cell membrane, and they accumulated intracellular superoxide anion (O2 .−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The involvement of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by Pb was evaluated. For this purpose, an isogenic derivative ρ0 strain, lacking mitochondrial DNA, was used. The ρ0 strain, without respiratory competence, displayed a lower intracellular ROS accumulation and a higher resistance to Pb compared to the WT strain. The kinetic study of ROS generation in yeast cells exposed to Pb showed that the production of O2 .− precedes the accumulation of H2O2, which is compatible with the leakage of electrons from the mitochondrial ETC. Yeast cells exposed to Pb displayed mutations at the mitochondrial DNA level. This is most likely a consequence of oxidative stress. In conclusion, mitochondria are an important source of Pb-induced ROS and, simultaneously, one of the targets of its toxicity.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mutants Affected in Vacuole Assembly or Vacuolar H+-ATPase are Hypersensitive to Lead (Pb) Toxicity

Lead is an important environmental pollutant. The role of vacuole, in Pb detoxification, was studied using a vacuolar protein sorting mutant strain (vps16D), belonging to class C mutants. Cells disrupted in VPS16 gene, did not display a detectable vacuolar-like structure. Based on the loss of cell proliferation capacity, it was found that cells from vps16D mutant exhibited a hypersensitivity to Pb-induced toxicity, compared to wild type (WT) strain. The function of vacuolar H?-ATPase (VATPase), in Pb detoxification, was evaluated using mutants with structurally normal vacuoles but defective in subunits of catalytic (vma1D or vma2D) or membrane domain (vph1D or vma3D) of V-ATPase. All mutants tested, lacking a functional V-ATPase, displayed an increased susceptibility to Pb, comparatively to cells from WT strain. Modification of vacuolar morphology, in Pb-exposed cells, was visualized using a Vma2p-GFP strain. The treatment of yeast cells with Pb originated the fusion of the medium size vacuolar lobes into one enlarged vacuole. In conclusion, it was found that vacuole plays an important role in the detoxification of Pb in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; in addition, a functional V-ATPase was required for Pb compartmentalization.

Integração Energética da Unidade de Pré-destilação U-0100 da Fábrica de Aromáticos

A presente dissertação foi realizada no âmbito do Mestrado em Engenharia Química no ramo de Otimização Energética na Indústria Química, do Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto. O estudo energético foi desenvolvido na empresa Petrogal, S.A, na Refinaria de Matosinhos, avaliando a possível racionalização energética do processo existente na Fábrica de Aromáticos. Os objetivos propostos basearam-se na realização de uma integração energética à unidade de pré-destilação, denominada por U-0100, que se encontra instalada na Fábrica de Aromáticos. Pretende-se, de uma forma geral, o reaproveitamento máximo da energia do processo, diminuindo o recurso a utilidades externas. Para tal recorreu-se à metodologia da análise do ponto de estrangulamento, designada por tecnologia Pinch. Numa primeira fase da otimização foi necessário conhecer todo o processo em causa e os conceitos associados à tecnologia aplicada. Após contactar com o processo procedeu-se ao levantamento energético do mesmo, referente ao ano 2013. Nesta etapa foram recolhidos todos os dados considerados relevantes para a quantificação energética das correntes e das utilidades empregues. Depois da recolha efetuou-se a integração energética estabelecendo um ∆Tmin ótimo para o processo de 5°C, após uma prévia análise da influência deste parâmetro sobre os consumos. Constatou-se que atualmente o processo de separação opera com uma taxa de recuperação energética de 16,8% da energia total, sendo a restante energia introduzida por utilidades externas. Com a análise do ponto de estrangulamento concluiu-se que a unidade de pré - destilação U-0100 se encontra integrada energeticamente, não sendo essencial proceder a qualquer modificação à mesma. No entanto sugere-se como trabalho futuro um estudo técnico e económico da implementação de um pré-aquecedor de ar, necessário ao processo de combustão que se dá na fornalha H-0101. Isto tendo em vista o reaproveitamento máximo da corrente, gases de combustão, que é desperdiçada para o meio ambiente.

ABCC Subfamily Vacuolar Transporters are Involved in Pb (Lead) Detoxification in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The present work has as objective to contribute for the elucidation of the mechanism associated with Pb detoxification, using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism. The deletion of GTT1 or GTT2 genes, coding for functional glutathione transferases (GST) enzymes in S. cerevisiae, caused an increased susceptibility to high Pb concentrations (500-1000 μmol L(-1)). These results suggest that the formation of glutathione-Pb conjugate (GS-Pb), dependent of GSTs, is important in Pb detoxification. The involvement of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) vacuolar transporters, belonging to class C subfamily (ABCC) in vacuolar compartmentalization of Pb, was evaluated. For this purpose, mutant strains disrupted in YCF1, VMR1, YBT1 or BPT 1 genes were used. All mutants tested, without vacuolar ABCC transporters, presented an increased sensitivity to 500-1000 μmol L(-1) Pb comparative to wild-type strain. Taken together, the obtained results suggest that Pb detoxification, by vacuolar compartmentalization, can occur as a result of the concerted action of GSTs and vacuolar ABCC transporters. Pb is conjugated with glutathione, catalysed by glutathione transferases and followed to the transport of GS-Pb conjugate to the vacuole by ABCC transporters.

Impact of multi-metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) exposure on the physiology of the yeast Pichia kudriavzevii

Metal contamination of the environment is frequently associated to the presence of two or more metals. This work aimed to study the impact of a mixture of metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) on the physiology of the non-conventional yeast Pichia kudriavzevii. The incubation of yeast cells with 5 mg/l Cd, 10 mg/l Pb and 5 mg/l Zn, for 6 h, induced a loss of metabolic activity (assessed by FUN-1 staining) and proliferation capacity (evaluated by a clonogenic assay), with a small loss of membrane integrity (measured by trypan blue exclusion assay). The staining of yeast cells with calcofluor white revealed that no modification of chitin deposition pattern occurred during the exposure to metal mixture. Extending for 24 h, the exposure of yeast cells to metal mixture provoked a loss of membrane integrity, which was accompanied by the leakage of intracellular components. A marked loss of the metabolic activity and the loss of proliferation capacity were also observed. The analysis of the impact of a single metal has shown that, under the conditions studied, Pb was the metal responsible for the toxic effect observed in the metal mixture. Intracellular accumulation of Pb seems to be correlated with the metals' toxic effects observed.