Strength prediction of adhesively-bonded scarf repairs in composite structures under bending

This work reports on the experimental and numerical study of the bending behaviour of two-dimensional adhesively-bonded scarf repairs of carbon-epoxy laminates, bonded with the ductile adhesive Araldite 2015®. Scarf angles varying from 2 to 45º were tested. The experimental work performed was used to validate a numerical Finite Element analysis using ABAQUS® and a methodology developed by the authors to predict the strength of bonded assemblies. This methodology consists on replacing the adhesive layer by cohesive elements, including mixed-mode criteria to deal with the mixed-mode behaviour usually observed in structures. Trapezoidal laws in pure modes I and II were used to account for the ductility of the adhesive used. The cohesive laws in pure modes I and II were determined with Double Cantilever Beam and End-Notched Flexure tests, respectively, using an inverse method. Since in the experiments interlaminar and transverse intralaminar failures of the carbon-epoxy components also occurred in some regions, cohesive laws to simulate these failure modes were also obtained experimentally with a similar procedure. A good correlation with the experiments was found on the elastic stiffness, maximum load and failure mode of the repairs, showing that this methodology simulates accurately the mechanical behaviour of bonded assemblies.

Stiffness da tibiotársica em sujeitos com Acidente Vascular Encefálico - processo de raciocínio clínico

regula a posição do corpo no espaço, sendo um pré-requisito para o movimento. À periferia este processo de Controlo Postural pode ser identificado também através da variação do stiffness. O Acidente Vascular Encefálico apresenta-se como a patologia onde os sujeitos são referenciados como tendo alteração do stiffness, e poderão verificar-se modificações nesta variável no âmbito da reabilitação neuro-motora. Objetivo: Descrever o comportamento do stiffness da tibiotársica, nos dois membros inferiores, em indivíduos pós Acidente Vascular Encefálico, face a uma intervenção em fisioterapia baseada num processo de raciocínio clínico. Métodos: 5 sujeitos participaram no estudo, tendo sido implementado um programa de reabilitação para cada um dos sujeitos, por um período de 3 meses, com 2 momentos de avaliação (M0 e M1). O torque e a amplitude articular da tibiotársica foi monitorizada, através do dinamómetro isocinético, durante o movimento passivo de dorsiflexão, a diferentes velocidades (5º/s, 1º/s e 0,25º/s) A atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos Gastrocnémio Interno e Solear foi também recolhida. O valor de stiffness foi calculado através da relação torque/posição. Resultados: Em todos os sujeitos em estudo verificou-se que de uma forma geral o stiffness do membro contralateral à lesão apresentou uma modificação no sentido da diminuição em todas as amplitudes em M1. Nos sujeitos A e C, verificou-se que o stiffness do membro ipsilateral apresentou uma modificação no sentido da diminuição em M1 (em amplitudes intermédias). Nos sujeitos B, D e E o stiffness não apresentou modificações. O stiffness não variou com a velocidade. Conclusão: O stiffness apontou para uma diminuição, nos sujeitos em estudo no membro contralateral à lesão e no membro ipsilateral à lesão nos sujeitos A e C em amplitudes intermédias.

Geostatistical Prediction of Ocean Outfall Plume Characteristics Based on an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

Geostatistics has been successfully used to analyze and characterize the spatial variability of environmental properties. Besides giving estimated values at unsampled locations, it provides a measure of the accuracy of the estimate, which is a significant advantage over traditional methods used to assess pollution. In this work universal block kriging is novelty used to model and map the spatial distribution of salinity measurements gathered by an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle in a sea outfall monitoring campaign, with the aim of distinguishing the effluent plume from the receiving waters, characterizing its spatial variability in the vicinity of the discharge and estimating dilution. The results demonstrate that geostatistical methodology can provide good estimates of the dispersion of effluents that are very valuable in assessing the environmental impact and managing sea outfalls. Moreover, since accurate measurements of the plume’s dilution are rare, these studies might be very helpful in the future to validate dispersion models.

Optimization study of hybrid spot-welded/bonded single-lap joints

Joining of components with structural adhesives is currently one of the most widespread techniques for advanced structures (e.g., aerospace or aeronautical). Adhesive bonding does not involve drilling operations and it distributes the load over a larger area than mechanical joints. However, peak stresses tend to develop near the overlap edges because of differential straining of the adherends and load asymmetry. As a result, premature failures can be expected, especially for brittle adhesives. Moreover, bonded joints are very sensitive to the surface treatment of the material, service temperature, humidity and ageing. To surpass these limitations, the combination of adhesive bonding with spot-welding is a choice to be considered, adding a few advantages like superior static strength and stiffness, higher peeling and fatigue strength and easier fabrication, as fixtures during the adhesive curing are not needed. The experimental and numerical study presented here evaluates hybrid spot-welded/bonded single-lap joints in comparison with the purely spot-welded and bonded equivalents. A parametric study on the overlap length (LO) allowed achieving different strength advantages, up to 58% compared to spot-welded joints and 24% over bonded joints. The Finite Element Method (FEM) and Cohesive Zone Models (CZM) for damage growth were also tested in Abaqus® to evaluate this technique for strength prediction, showing accurate estimations for all kinds of joints.

Influence of the cohesive law parameters on the strength prediction of adhesively-bonded joints

Adhesive joints are largely employed nowadays as a fast and effective joining process. The respective techniques for strength prediction have also improved over the years. Cohesive Zone Models (CZM’s) coupled to Finite Element Method (FEM) analyses surpass the limitations of stress and fracture criteria and allow modelling damage. CZM’s require the energy release rates in tension (Gn) and shear (Gs) and respective fracture energies in tension (Gnc) and shear (Gsc). Additionally, the cohesive strengths (tn0 for tension and ts0 for shear) must also be defined. In this work, the influence of the CZM parameters of a triangular CZM used to model a thin adhesive layer is studied, to estimate their effect on the predictions. Some conclusions were drawn for the accuracy of the simulation results by variations of each one of these parameters.

Numerical and experimental study of tensile strength of single and double-strap repairs

Adhesive bonding as a joining or repair method has a wide application in many industries. Repairs with bonded patches are often carried out to re-establish the stiffness at critical regions or spots of corrosion and/or fatigue cracks. Single and double-strap repairs (SS and DS, respectively) are a viable option for repairing. For the SS repairs, a patch is adhesively-bonded on one of the structure faces. SS repairs are easy to execute, but the load eccentricity leads to peel peak stresses at the overlap edges. DS repairs involve the use of two patches, one on each face of the structure. These are more efficient than SS repairs, due to the doubling of the bonding area and suppression of the transverse deflection of the adherends. Shear stresses also become more uniform as a result of smaller differential straining. The experimental and Finite Element (FE) study presented here for strength prediction and design optimization of bonded repairs includes SS and DS solutions with different values of overlap length (LO). The examined values of LO include 10, 20 and 30 mm. The failure strengths of the SS and DS repairs were compared with FE results by using the Abaqus® FE software. A Cohesive Zone Model (CZM) with a triangular shape in pure tensile and shear modes, including the mixed-mode possibility for crack growth, was used to simulate fracture of the adhesive layer. A good agreement was found between the experiments and the FE simulations on the failure modes, elastic stiffness and strength of the repairs, showing the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed FE technique in predicting strength of bonded repairs. Furthermore, some optimization principles were proposed to repair structures with adhesively-bonded patches that will allow repair designers to effectively design bonded repairs.

Numerical prediction of delamination onset in carbon/epoxy composites drilling

Despite the fact that their physical properties make them an attractive family of materials, composites machining can cause several damage modes such as delamination, fibre pull-out, thermal degradation, and others. Minimization of axial thrust force during drilling reduces the probability of delamination onset, as it has been demonstrated by analytical models based on linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). A finite element model considering solid elements of the ABAQUS® software library and interface elements including a cohesive damage model was developed in order to simulate thrust forces and delamination onset during drilling. Thrust force results for delamination onset are compared with existing analytical models.

Strength prediction and experimental validation of adhesive joints including polyethylene, carbon-epoxy and aluminium adherends

Polyolefins are especially difficult to bond due to their non-polar, non-porous and chemically inert surfaces. Acrylic adhesives used in industry are particularly suited to bond these materials, including many grades of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE), without special surface preparation. In this work, the tensile strength of single-lap PE and mixed joints bonded with an acrylic adhesive was investigated. The mixed joints included PE with aluminium (AL) or carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) substrates. The PE substrates were only cleaned with isopropanol, which assured cohesive failures. For the PE CFRP joints, three different surfaces preparations were employed for the CFRP substrates: cleaning with acetone, abrasion with 100 grit sand paper and peel-ply finishing. In the PE AL joints, the AL bonding surfaces were prepared by the following methods: cleaning with acetone, abrasion with 180 and 320 grit sand papers, grit blasting and chemical etching with chromic acid. After abrasion of the CFRP and AL substrates, the surfaces were always cleaned with acetone. The tensile strengths were compared with numerical results from ABAQUS® and a mixed mode (I+II) cohesive damage model. A good agreement was found between the experimental and numerical results, except for the PE AL joints, since the AL surface treatments were not found to be effective.

Strength prediction of single- and double-lap joints by standard and extended finite element modelling

The structural integrity of multi-component structures is usually determined by the strength and durability of their unions. Adhesive bonding is often chosen over welding, riveting and bolting, due to the reduction of stress concentrations, reduced weight penalty and easy manufacturing, amongst other issues. In the past decades, the Finite Element Method (FEM) has been used for the simulation and strength prediction of bonded structures, by strength of materials or fracture mechanics-based criteria. Cohesive-zone models (CZMs) have already proved to be an effective tool in modelling damage growth, surpassing a few limitations of the aforementioned techniques. Despite this fact, they still suffer from the restriction of damage growth only at predefined growth paths. The eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) is a recent improvement of the FEM, developed to allow the growth of discontinuities within bulk solids along an arbitrary path, by enriching degrees of freedom with special displacement functions, thus overcoming the main restriction of CZMs. These two techniques were tested to simulate adhesively bonded single- and double-lap joints. The comparative evaluation of the two methods showed their capabilities and/or limitations for this specific purpose.

Reorganização do stiffness em indivíduos com Acidente Vascular Encefálico face à intervenção em fisioterapia. Repercussões no levantar e na marcha

Introdução: A organização estrutural e funcional do sistema nervoso face à organização dos diferentes tipos de input, no âmbito da intervenção em fisioterapia, pode potenciar um controlo postural para a regulação do stiffness e com repercussões na marcha e no levantar. Objetivo: Descrever o comportamento do stiffness da tibiotársica no movimento de dorsiflexão, no membro inferior ispi e contralesional, em indivíduos após Acidente Vascular Encefálico, face a uma intervenção em fisioterapia baseada num processo de raciocínio clínico. Pretendeu-se também observar as modificações ocorridas no âmbito da atividade electromiográfica dos flexores plantares, gastrocnémio medial e solear, durante a marcha e o levantar. Métodos: Foi implementado um programa de reabilitação em 4 indivíduos com sequelas de AVE por um período de 3 meses, tendo sido avaliados no momento inicial e final (M0 e M1). O torque e a amplitude articular da tibiotársica foi monitorizada, através do dinamómetro isocinético, durante o movimento passivo de dorsiflexão, e o nível de atividade eletromiográfica registado, através de electomiografia de superfície, no solear e gastrocnémio medial. Foram estudadas as fases de aceitação de carga no STS (fase II) e na marcha (sub-fase II). Resultados: Em todos os indivíduos em estudo verificou-se que o stiffness apresentou uma modificação no sentido da diminuição em todas as amplitudes em M1. O nível de atividade eletromiográfica teve comportamentos diferentes nos vários indivíduos. Conclusão: O stiffness apontou para uma diminuição nos indivíduos em estudo entre M0 e M1. Foram registadas modificações no nível de atividade eletromiográfica sem que seja possível identificar uma tendência clara entre os dois momentos para esta variável.

Influência do tipo de adesivo em juntas híbridas soldadas-adesivas

A necessidade de utilizar métodos de ligação entre componentes de forma mais rápida, eficaz e com melhores resultados, tem causado a crescente utilização das juntas adesivas, em detrimento dos métodos tradicionais de ligação tais como a soldadura, brasagem, ligações aparafusadas e rebitadas. A utilização das juntas adesivas tem vindo a aumentar em diversas aplicações industriais por estas apresentarem vantagens das quais se destacam a redução de peso, redução de concentrações de tensões e facilidade de fabrico. No entanto, também apresentam desvantagens, como a necessidade de preparação das juntas e o descentramento da carga aplicada que provoca efeitos de flexão, os quais dão origem a tensões normais na direcção da espessura do adesivo (tensões de arrancamento), afectando assim a resistência da junta. A combinação da ligação adesiva com a soldadura por pontos permite algumas vantagens em comparação com as juntas adesivas tradicionais como a maior resistência, aumento da rigidez, melhor resistência ao corte e arrancamento e também à fadiga. Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo experimental e numérico de juntas de sobreposição simples adesivas e híbridas (adesivas-soldadas). Os adesivos utilizados são o Araldite AV138®, apresentado como sendo frágil, e os adesivos Araldite 2015® e Sikaforce® 7752, intitulados como adesivos dúcteis. Foram considerados substratos de aço (C45E) em juntas com diferentes comprimentos de sobreposição ( ), que foram sujeitas a esforços de tracção. Foi realizada uma análise dos valores experimentais e efectuada uma comparação destes valores com os resultados obtidos por Elementos Finitos (EF) no software ABAQUS®, que incluiu uma análise de tensões na camada de adesivo e previsão do comportamento das juntas por Modelos de Dano Coesivo (MDC). A análise por MDC permitiu obter os modos de rotura, as curvas força-deslocamento e a resistência das juntas com bastante precisão, com excepção das juntas coladas com o adesivo Sikaforce® 7752. Estes resultados permitiram validar a técnica de modelação proposta para as juntas coladas e híbridas, o que representa uma base para posterior aplicação desta técnica em projecto, com as vantagens decorrentes da redução do tempo de projecto e maior facilidade de optimização.

Limit Cycle Prediction of Systems with Fractional Controllers and Backlash

This article investigates the limit cycle (LC) prediction of systems with backlash by means of the describing function (DF) when using discrete fractional-order (FO) algorithms. The DF is an approximate method that gives good estimates of LCs. The implementation of FO controllers requires the use of rational approximations, but such realizations produce distinct dynamic types of behavior. This study analyzes the accuracy in the prediction of LCs, namely their amplitude and frequency, when using several different algorithms. To illustrate this problem we use FO-PID algorithms in the control of systems with backlash.

Using data mining with time series data in short-term stocks prediction

Data Mining (DM) methods are being increasingly used in prediction with time series data, in addition to traditional statistical approaches. This paper presents a literature review of the use of DM with time series data, focusing on short- time stocks prediction. This is an area that has been attracting a great deal of attention from researchers in the field. The main contribution of this paper is to provide an outline of the use of DM with time series data, using mainly examples related with short-term stocks prediction. This is important to a better understanding of the field. Some of the main trends and open issues will also be introduced.