Levels and risks of particulate-bound PAHs in indoor air influenced by tobacco smoke: a field measurement

Considering tobacco smoke as one of the most health-relevant indoor sources, the aim of this work was to further understand its negative impacts on human health. The specific objectives of this work were to evaluate the levels of particulate-bound PAHs in smoking and non-smoking homes and to assess the risks associated with inhalation exposure to these compounds. The developed work concerned the application of the toxicity equivalency factors approach (including the estimation of the lifetime lung cancer risks, WHO) and the methodology established by USEPA (considering three different age categories) to 18 PAHs detected in inhalable (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) particles at two homes. The total concentrations of 18 PAHs (ΣPAHs) was 17.1 and 16.6 ng m−3 in PM10 and PM2.5 at smoking home and 7.60 and 7.16 ng m−3 in PM10 and PM2.5 at non-smoking one. Compounds with five and six rings composed the majority of the particulate PAHs content (i.e., 73 and 78 % of ΣPAHs at the smoking and non-smoking home, respectively). Target carcinogenic risks exceeded USEPA health-based guideline at smoking home for 2 different age categories. Estimated values of lifetime lung cancer risks largely exceeded (68–200 times) the health-based guideline levels at both homes thus demonstrating that long-term exposure to PAHs at the respective levels would eventually cause risk of developing cancer. The high determined values of cancer risks in the absence of smoking were probably caused by contribution of PAHs from outdoor sources.

Geostatistical Prediction of Ocean Outfall Plume Characteristics Based on an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

Geostatistics has been successfully used to analyze and characterize the spatial variability of environmental properties. Besides giving estimated values at unsampled locations, it provides a measure of the accuracy of the estimate, which is a significant advantage over traditional methods used to assess pollution. In this work universal block kriging is novelty used to model and map the spatial distribution of salinity measurements gathered by an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle in a sea outfall monitoring campaign, with the aim of distinguishing the effluent plume from the receiving waters, characterizing its spatial variability in the vicinity of the discharge and estimating dilution. The results demonstrate that geostatistical methodology can provide good estimates of the dispersion of effluents that are very valuable in assessing the environmental impact and managing sea outfalls. Moreover, since accurate measurements of the plume’s dilution are rare, these studies might be very helpful in the future to validate dispersion models.

Simulação de sistema de desenfumagem de parques de estacionamento recorrendo ao programa OpenFOAM

Os parques de estacionamento cobertos estão obrigados por legislação a terem sistemas de desenfumagem. Assim, nesta dissertação desenvolve-se um procedimento computacional para a analise e verificação de funcionamento de sistemas de desenfumagem com ventiladores de impulso para parques de estacionamento, recorrendo ao software de mecânica dos fluidos computacional OpenFOAM. Actualmente nos sistemas de desenfumagem de parques de estacionamento estão a ser aplicados ventiladores de impulso. Este tipo de ventiladores não estão contemplados pela legislação em vigor. Assim, para serem utilizados é necessário verificar se estes podem substituir as redes de condutas. A verificação do funcionamento de sistemas de desenfumagem com ventiladores de impulso e efectuada com recurso a programas de simulação de mecânica dos fluidos computacional. O software OpenFOAM não tem tutoriais para ventiladores de impulso. Assim, foi executado um procedimento para validação dos ventiladores de impulso. A validação consistiu em reproduzir-se uma experiência executada por Giesen et al. (2011). Executaram-se várias simulações com diferentes modelos de turbulência, verificando-se que o programa buoyantpimplefoam do software OpenFOAM ao utilizar o modelo de turbulência k -ɛ simulou quase na perfeição os ventiladores de impulso. O desenvolvimento do procedimento computacional foi executado para um parque de estacionamento com uma geometria bastante complexa. O parque de estacionamento foi criado com um software em 3D e posteriormente inserido numa malha j a criada com as dimensões exteriores do parque. Foram estipuladas as condições de fronteira e executou-se uma simulação de seiscentos segundos com parâmetros determinados previamente. O processamento da simulação teve a duração de aproximadamente oito dias. Dos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que o procedimento computacional apresentado simula adequadamente sistemas de desenfumagem em parques de estacionamento.

Comparing the performance of geostatistical models with additional information from covariates for sewage plume characterization

In this work, kriging with covariates is used to model and map the spatial distribution of salinity measurements gathered by an autonomous underwater vehicle in a sea outfall monitoring campaign aiming to distinguish the effluent plume from the receiving waters and characterize its spatial variability in the vicinity of the discharge. Four different geostatistical linear models for salinity were assumed, where the distance to diffuser, the west-east positioning, and the south-north positioning were used as covariates. Sample variograms were fitted by the Mat`ern models using weighted least squares and maximum likelihood estimation methods as a way to detect eventual discrepancies. Typically, the maximum likelihood method estimated very low ranges which have limited the kriging process. So, at least for these data sets, weighted least squares showed to be the most appropriate estimation method for variogram fitting. The kriged maps show clearly the spatial variation of salinity, and it is possible to identify the effluent plume in the area studied. The results obtained show some guidelines for sewage monitoring if a geostatistical analysis of the data is in mind. It is important to treat properly the existence of anomalous values and to adopt a sampling strategy that includes transects parallel and perpendicular to the effluent dispersion.