Frequency of TERT promoter mutations in human cancers

Reactivation of telomerase has been implicated in human tumorigenesis, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we report the presence of recurrent somatic mutations in the TERT promoter in cancers of the central nervous system (43%), bladder (59%), thyroid (follicular cell-derived, 10%) and skin (melanoma, 29%). In thyroid cancers, the presence of TERT promoter mutations (when occurring together with BRAF mutations) is significantly associated with higher TERT mRNA expression, and in glioblastoma we find a trend for increased telomerase expression in cases harbouring TERT promoter mutations. Both in thyroid cancers and glioblastoma, TERT promoter mutations are significantly associated with older age of the patients. Our results show that TERT promoter mutations are relatively frequent in specific types of human cancers, where they lead to enhanced expression of telomerase.

A perfusão isolada dos membros no melanoma maligno (a experiência do IPO-Porto)

Parte I - O contexto Neste capítulo faz-se a contextualização essencial do tema, dividindo-a em duas secções. A primeira secção apresenta conceitos relativos à patologia principal, o melanoma, apesar desta técnica não se aplicar só em doentes com esta patologia, mas considerando o peso da mesma na casuística da instituição, idêntico ao de outras instituições internacionais. A segunda secção apresenta o enquadramento da técnica e da terapêutica da Perfusão Isolada dos Membros, destacando as principais alterações ocorridas nos protocolos dos centros que a praticam, ao longo das últimas décadas. Parte II - A técnica e a terapêutica no IPOFG-Porto Neste capítulo é explicado passo a passo o procedimento da Perfusão Isolada dos Membros, segundo o protocolo do IPOFG-Porto, ilustrando cada passo com imagens de um caso real. Este procedimento apoia-se na técnica da circulação extracorporal, para aplicar uma terapêutica, a perfusão em dose elevada de uma dose pré-determinada de um ou mais citostáticos. São depois enumeradas as características essenciais de cada um dos citostáticos que foram e são usados na PIM ou associados a ela, terminando com a exposição da casuística da instituição, trabalhada apenas em contexto descritivo. Parte III - O seguimento dos doentes Neste capítulo elencam-se e explicam-se as variáveis em estudo no follow-up destes doentes, quer no pós-operatório imediato, quer no seguimento em ambulatório. O follow-up destes doentes pode ser muito longo, quase sempre dependendo do estadiamento prévio da doença antes da realização da PIM. O tipo de resposta clínica deve obter-se entre os 3 e os 6 meses pós PIM, mas pode obter-se antes ou depois. Todas as variáveis estão perfeitamente definidas internacionalmente e dão um contributo específico para o conhecimento da história natural da doença, mas para os doentes a que assume maior impacto é a necessidade, ou o evitar, da amputação do membro. São apresentados os dados destas variáveis relativos ao IPOFG-Porto. Parte IV - As reflexões Neste capítulo são feitas algumas reflexões sobre o custo, a sobrevivência e a qualidade de vida, e as perspetivas futuras da Perfusão Isolada dos Membros. Apesar da sua inegável eficácia terapêutica, a PIM é um procedimento de custo elevado e restrita a centros especializados, o que provoca assimetrias significativas. Os dados internacionais são claros, até agora não parece ter contribuído para um aumento da esperança média de vida destes doentes, mas o seu contributo para a qualidade de vida e manutenção da funcionalidade dos doentes é enorme. A Infusão Isolada dos Membros aparece como uma técnica standard promissora na quimioterapia regional.

Fractional order inductive phenomena based on the skin effect

The Maxwell equations play a fundamental role in the electromagnetic theory and lead to models useful in physics and engineering. This formalism involves integer-order differential calculus, but the electromagnetic diffusion points towards the adoption of a fractional calculus approach. This study addresses the skin effect and develops a new method for implementing fractional-order inductive elements. Two genetic algorithms are adopted, one for the system numerical evaluation and another for the parameter identification, both with good results.

Electrical skin phenomena: a fractional calculus analysis

The internal impedance of a wire is the function of the frequency. In a conductor, where the conductivity is sufficiently high, the displacement current density can be neglected. In this case, the conduction current density is given by the product of the electric field and the conductance. One of the aspects of the high-frequency effects is the skin effect (SE). The fundamental problem with SE is it attenuates the higher frequency components of a signal.

Telomerase promoter mutations in cancer: an emerging molecular biomarker?

João Vinagre, Vasco Pinto and Ricardo Celestino contributed equally to the manuscript.

Electrical Skin Phenomena: A Fractional Calculus Analysis

The internal impedance of a wire is the function of the frequency. In a conductor, where the conductivity is sufficiently high, the displacement current density can be neglected. In this case, the conduction current density is given by the product of the electric field and the conductance. One of the aspects the high-frequency effects is the skin effect (SE). The fundamental problem with SE is it attenuates the higher frequency components of a signal. The SE was first verified by Kelvin in 1887. Since then many researchers developed work on the subject and presently a comprehensive physical model, based on the Maxwell equations, is well established. The Maxwell formalism plays a fundamental role in the electromagnetic theory. These equations lead to the derivation of mathematical descriptions useful in many applications in physics and engineering. Maxwell is generally regarded as the 19th century scientist who had the greatest influence on 20th century physics, making contributions to the fundamental models of nature. The Maxwell equations involve only the integer-order calculus and, therefore, it is natural that the resulting classical models adopted in electrical engineering reflect this perspective. Recently, a closer look of some phenomas present in electrical systems and the motivation towards the development of precise models, seem to point out the requirement for a fractional calculus approach. Bearing these ideas in mind, in this study we address the SE and we re-evaluate the results demonstrating its fractional-order nature.

Characterization and Biological Activities of Ocellatin Peptides from the Skin Secretion of the Frog Leptodactylus pustulatus

Eight new peptides were isolated from the skin secretion of the frog Leptodactylus pustulatus and their amino acid sequences determined by de novo sequencing and by cDNA cloning. Structural similarities between them and other antimicrobial peptides from the skin secretion of Leptodactylus genus frogs were found. Ocellatins-PT1 to -PT5 (25 amino acid residues) are amidated at the C-terminus, while ocellatins-PT6 to -PT8 (32 amino acid residues) have free carboxylates. Antimicrobial activity, hemolytic tests, and cytotoxicity against a murine fibroblast cell line were investigated. All peptides, except for ocellatin-PT2, have antimicrobial activity against at least one Gram negative strain. Ocellatin-PT8 inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella choleraesuis strains with MICs in the 60−240 μM range. No significant effect was observed in human erythrocytes and in a murine fibroblast cell line after exposure to the peptides at MICs. A comparison between sequences obtained by both direct HPLC-MS de novo sequencing and cDNA cloning demonstrates the secretion of mature peptides derived from a pre-pro-peptide structure.