Efeitos de um programa de exercícios específico no domicílio, em indivíduos com doença arterial coronária, na composição corporal, gordura abdominal, perfil lipídico, glicose e nível de atividade física

contribuindo para o aumento da gordura abdominal, e consequentes complicações metabólicas. O exercício físico permite quebrar este ciclo através da estimulação da lipólise e da utilização de ácidos gordos. Objetivo: Verificar os efeitos de um programa de exercícios no domicílio, em indivíduos com doença arterial coronária, na composição corporal, gordura abdominal, perfil lipídico, glicose, e nível de atividade física. Métodos: Estudo experimental composto por 20 indivíduos, aleatorizados grupo experimental (GE) e grupo de controlo (GC), ambos com 10, tendo o GE sido sujeito ao programa durante 8 semanas. Realizou-se uma avaliação inicial e final, através da bioimpedância, Tomografia Computorizada (TC) abdominal, perimetria, adipometria, análises sanguíneas e acelerómetro. Resultados: Numa análise intergrupal, verificouse uma diminuição da percentagem (%) de gordura total (GT) calculado pela adipometria (p<0.01), na prega supra-ilíaca (p=0.005), na prega abdominal horizontal (p=0.001) e vertical (p=0.003) no GE, e da % de tempo em atividades moderadas no GC (p=0.035). Após 8 semanas o GE diminuiu a %GT (p=0.008); a massa gorda (MG) (p=0.002); perímetro abaixo da última costela (p=0.037) e acima das cristas-ilíacas (p=0.021); %GT calculado (p=0.002); pregas supra-ilíaca (p=0.008), abdominal horizontal (p=0.002) e vertical (p=0.033); TC abdominal subcutâneo (p=0.031) e %de tempo em atividades vigorosas (p=0.031). O GC diminuiu a %GT (p=0.002) e MG (p=0.008); aumentou o perímetro ao nível dos grandes trocânteres (p=0.008), diminuiu o rácio cintura/anca (p=0.002), e a %de tempo em atividades moderadas (p=0.031) e vigorosas (p=0.008). Parece existir uma tendência no GE para diminuição do rácio cintura/anca, c-LDL, triglicerídeos e aumento do nível de atividade moderado. Conclusão: O programa de exercícios no domicílio demonstrou uma diminuição da gordura abdominal, alteração da composição corporal, e parece promover uma melhoria no perfil lipídico e no aumento do nível de atividade física moderado.

Relationship of milk intake and physical activity to abdominal obesity among adolescents

Background: Diet and physical activity (PA) are recognized as important factors to prevent abdominal obesity (AO), which is strongly associated with chronic diseases. Some studies have reported an inverse association between milk consumption and AO. Objective: This study examined the association between milk intake, PA and AO in adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1209 adolescents, aged 15–18 from the Azorean Archipelago, Portugal in 2008. AO was defined by a waist circumference at or above the 90th percentile. Adolescent food intake was measured using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and milk intake was categorized as ‘low milk intake’ (<2 servings per day) or ‘high milk intake’ ( 2 servings per day). PA was assessed via a self-report questionnaire, and participants were divided into active (>10 points) and low-active groups ( 10 points) on the basis of their reported PA. They were then divided into four smaller groups, according to milk intake and PA: (i) low milk intake/low active; (ii) low milk intake/active; (iii) high milk intake/low active and (iv) high milk intake/active. The association between milk intake, PA and AO was evaluated using logistic regression analysis, and the results were adjusted for demographic, body mass index, pubertal stage and dietary confounders. Results: In this study, the majority of adolescents consumed semi-skimmed or skimmed milk (92.3%). The group of adolescents with high level of milk intake and active had a lower proportion of AO than did other groups (low milk intake/low active: 34.2%; low milk intake/active: 26.9%; high milk intake/low active: 25.7%; high milk intake/active: 21.9%, P = 0.008). After adjusting for confounders, low-active and active adolescents with high levels of milk intake were less likely to have AO, compared with low-active adolescents with low milk intake (high milk intake/low active, odds ratio [OR] = 0.412, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.201– 0.845; high milk intake/active adolescents, OR = 0.445, 95% CI: 0.235–0.845).Conclusion: High milk intake seems to have a protective effect on AO, regardless of PA level

Cardiorespiratory fitness is negatively associated with metabolic risk factors independently of the adherence to a healthy dietary pattern

Background and aim: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and diet have been involved as significant factors towards the prevention of cardio-metabolic diseases. This study aimed to assess the impact of the combined associations of CRF and adherence to the Southern European Atlantic Diet (SEADiet) on the clustering of metabolic risk factors in adolescents. Methods and Results: A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted on 468 adolescents aged 15-18, from the Azorean Islands, Portugal. We measured fasting glucose, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, waits circumference and height. HOMA, TC/HDL-C ratio and waist-to-height ratio were calculated. For each of these variables, a Z-score was computed by age and sex. A metabolic risk score (MRS) was constructed by summing the Z scores of all individual risk factors. High risk was considered when the individual had 1SD of this score. CRF was measured with the 20 m-Shuttle-Run- Test. Adherence to SEADiet was assessed with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression showed that, after adjusting for potential confounders, unfit adolescents with low adherence to SEADiet had the highest odds of having MRS (OR Z 9.4; 95%CI:2.6e33.3) followed by the unfit ones with high adherence to the SEADiet (OR Z 6.6; 95% CI: 1.9e22.5) when compared to those who were fit and had higher adherence to SEADiet.

Effects of the Mediterranean diet and exercise in subjects with coronary artery disease

Introduction The association of the Mediterranean diet and exercise appears to have a protective role, reducing cardiovascular risk. This study investigated the effects of education sessions on the Mediterranean diet and an exercise program in modifying eating behaviors, body composition and abdominal fat. Methods An experimental study was performed on 20 subjects with known coronary heart disease randomly assigned to experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. Both groups received education sessions on the Mediterranean diet, but the experimental group also followed an eight-week program of specific exercises. A semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was administered to analyze food intake, bioimpedance was used to measure weight, fat mass and lean mass, and waist circumference was measured to calculate waist-to-height ratio. Results After eight weeks, protein (p<0.05) and cholesterol (p<0.05) intake in the experimental group had decreased significantly compared with the control group. Between the beginning and end of the study, there were significant decreases in the control group in carbohydrate (p<0.05) and saturated fat intake (p<0.05). In both groups the percentage of total fat (p<0.05) and fat mass (p<0.05) was significantly decreased. In the experimental group the waist-to-height ratio was significantly reduced (p<0.05). Conclusion The Mediterranean diet reduced carbohydrate and saturated fat intake, reflected in reduced fat mass. The association of the exercise program showed additional benefits in reduction of protein and cholesterol intake and abdominal fat.