Estudo da transferência das cloraminas da água para o ar duma piscina coberta

Mestrado em Engenharia Química

Estudo da implementação de um sistema de vigilância e alarme num recurso hídrico

Neste trabalho estudou-se a implementação de um sistema de vigilância e alerta da qualidade da água de um recurso hídrico, para um possível caso de poluição. Em 25 de Agosto de 2008 foram derramadas 4 toneladas de ácido clorídrico acidentalmente para as águas do rio Febros. Este rio situa-se no concelho de Vila Nova de Gaia e é um pequeno afluente do rio Douro, tendo cerca de 14 km de extensão e tem a particularidade de atravessar o Parque Biológico de Gaia. A falta de uma rápida intervenção e da existência de um plano de ação levou a que parte da fauna e flora fosse destruída. Por este motivo realizou-se este estudo que se baseou na criação de um sistema de vigilância e alerta a ser implementado neste rio. A informação da hidrogeometria do rio e da capacidade de transporte e dispersão de poluentes é indispensável para o bom funcionamento deste sistema. O coeficiente de dispersão longitudinal é um parâmetro muito importante no estudo da qualidade da água. Recorreu-se à utilização da Rodamina WT como marcador, determinando assim a evolução da sua concentração ao longo do tempo e espaço. No cálculo do coeficiente de dispersão foi utilizado o modelo Transient Storage, que demonstrou ser um bom modelo de ajuste aproximando-se dos valores medidos em campo. Para três estações diferentes com distâncias de 290, 390 e 1100 metros do ponto de injeção, obtiveram-se valores de coeficiente de dispersão de 0,18, 0,15 e 0,39 m2/s respetivamente. Os valores do ajuste expressos sob a forma de coeficiente de correlação foram 0,988, 0,998 e 0,986, para a mesma ordem de estações. A constante de rearejamento do rio foi também determinada recorrendo ao método dos marcadores inertes, utilizando o propano como marcador gasoso. A constante determinada próximo de Casal Drijo, entre 2 estações de amostragem a 140 e 290 m do local de injeção, foi de 13,4 dia-1. Com os resultados do coeficiente de dispersão e da constante de rearejamento para além da velocidade e caudal da corrente do rio conseguir-se-á construir o modelo de simulação e previsão de um possível poluente. O sistema de vigilância a implementar sugere-se assim que seja construído por duas partes, uma de análise de evolução da nuvem de poluição e plano de ação outra de monitorização contínua e emissão de alerta. Após uma análise do investimento à implementação deste sistema chegou-se à conclusão que o valor de investimento é de 15.182,00 €.

Soil vapor extraction in sandy soils: influence of airflow rate

Airflow rate is one of the most important parameters for the soil vapor extraction of contaminated sites, due to its direct influence on the mass transfer occurring during the remediation process. This work reports the study of airflow rate influence on soil vapor extractions, performed in sandy soils contaminated with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene. The objectives were: (i) to analyze the influence of airflow rate on the process; (ii) to develop a methodology to predict the remediation time and the remediation efficiency; and (iii) to select the most efficient airflow rate. For dry sandy soils with negligible contents of clay and natural organic matter, containing the contaminants previously cited, it was concluded that: (i) if equilibrium between the pollutants and the different phases present in the soil matrix was reached and if slow diffusion effects did not occur, higher airflow rates exhibited the fastest remediations, (ii) it was possible to predict the remediation time and the efficiency of remediation with errors below 14%; and (iii) the most efficient remediation were reached with airflow rates below 1.2 cm3 s 1 standard temperature and pressure conditions.

Remediation efficiency of vapour extraction of sandy soils contaminated with cyclohexane: influence of air flow rate, water and natural organic matter content

Abstract This work reports the analysis of the efficiency and time of soil remediation using vapour extraction as well as provides comparison of results using both, prepared and real soils. The main objectives were: (i) to analyse the efficiency and time of remediation according to the water and natural organic matter content of the soil; and (ii) to assess if a previous study, performed using prepared soils, could help to preview the process viability in real conditions. For sandy soils with negligible clay content, artificially contaminated with cyclohexane before vapour extraction, it was concluded that (i) the increase of soil water content and mainly of natural organic matter content influenced negatively the remediation process, making it less efficient, more time consuming, and consequently more expensive; and (ii) a previous study using prepared soils of similar characteristics has proven helpful for previewing the process viability in real conditions.

Heat transfer coefficients from Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids flowing in laminar regime in a helical coil

This study aimed to carry out experimental work to obtain, for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, heat transfer coefficients, at constant wall temperature as boundary condition, in fully developed laminar flow inside a helical coil. The Newtonian fluids studied were aqueous solutions of glycerol, 25%, 36%, 43%, 59% and 78% (w/w) and the non-Newtonian fluids aqueous solutions of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), a polymer, with concentrations 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.6% (w/w) and aqueous solutions of xanthan gum (XG), another polymer, with concentrations 0.1% and 0.2% (w/w). According to the rheological study performed, the polymer solutions had shear thinning behavior and different values of elasticity. The helical coil used has internal diameter, curvature ratio, length and pitch, respectively: 0.004575 m, 0.0263, 5.0 m and 11.34 mm. The Nusselt numbers for the CMC solutions are, on average, slightly higher than those for Newtonian fluids, for identical Prandtl and generalized Dean numbers. As outcome, the viscous component of the shear thinning polymer tends to potentiate the mixing effect of the Dean cells. The Nusselt numbers of the XG solutions are significant lower than those of the Newtonian solutions, for identical Prandtl and generalized Dean numbers. Therefore, the elastic component of the polymer tends to diminish the mixing effect of the Dean cells. A global correlation, for Nusselt number as a function of Péclet, generalized Dean and Weissenberg numbers for all Newtonian and non-Newtonian solutions studied, is presented.

The utilization bound of non-preemptive rate-monotonic scheduling in controller area networks is 25%

Consider a distributed computer system comprising many computer nodes, each interconnected with a controller area network (CAN) bus. We prove that if priorities to message streams are assigned using rate-monotonic (RM) and if the requested capacity of the CAN bus does not exceed 25% then all deadlines are met.

From local to global importance measures of uncertainty propagation in composite structures

The influence of uncertainties of input parameters on output response of composite structures is investigated in this paper. In particular, the effects of deviations in mechanical properties, ply angles, ply thickness and on applied loads are studied. The uncertainty propagation and the importance measure of input parameters are analysed using three different approaches: a first-order local method, a Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) supported by a variance-based method and an extension of local variance to estimate the global variance over the domain of inputs. Sample results are shown for a shell composite laminated structure built with different composite systems including multi-materials. The importance measures of input parameters on structural response based on numerical results are established and discussed as a function of the anisotropy of composite materials. Needs for global variance methods are discussed by comparing the results obtained from different proposed methodologies. The objective of this paper is to contribute for the use of GSA techniques together with low expensive local importance measures.

Uncertainty propagation in inverse reliability-based design of composite structures

An approach for the analysis of uncertainty propagation in reliability-based design optimization of composite laminate structures is presented. Using the Uniform Design Method (UDM), a set of design points is generated over a domain centered on the mean reference values of the random variables. A methodology based on inverse optimal design of composite structures to achieve a specified reliability level is proposed, and the corresponding maximum load is outlined as a function of ply angle. Using the generated UDM design points as input/output patterns, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is developed based on an evolutionary learning process. Then, a Monte Carlo simulation using ANN development is performed to simulate the behavior of the critical Tsai number, structural reliability index, and their relative sensitivities as a function of the ply angle of laminates. The results are generated for uniformly distributed random variables on a domain centered on mean values. The statistical analysis of the results enables the study of the variability of the reliability index and its sensitivity relative to the ply angle. Numerical examples showing the utility of the approach for robust design of angle-ply laminates are presented.

Runtime CRPD management for rate-based scheduling

Temporal isolation is an increasingly relevant con- cern in particular for ARINC-351 and virtualisation- based systems. Traditional approaches like the rate- based scheduling framework RBED do not take into account the impact of preemptions in terms of loss of working set in the acceleration hardware (e.g. caches). While some improvements have been suggested in the literature, they are overly heavy in the presence of small high-priority tasks such as interrupt service routines. Within this paper we propose an approach enabling adaptive assessment of this preemption delay in a tem- poral isolation framework with special consideration of capabilities and limitations of the approach.

A lightweight indoor localization model based on motley-keenan and COST

This paper presents a novel approach to WLAN propagation models for use in indoor localization. The major goal of this work is to eliminate the need for in situ data collection to generate the Fingerprinting map, instead, it is generated by using analytical propagation models such as: COST Multi-Wall, COST 231 average wall and Motley- Keenan. As Location Estimation Algorithms kNN (K-Nearest Neighbour) and WkNN (Weighted K-Nearest Neighbour) were used to determine the accuracy of the proposed technique. This work is based on analytical and measurement tools to determine which path loss propagation models are better for location estimation applications, based on Receive Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI).This study presents different proposals for choosing the most appropriate values for the models parameters, like obstacles attenuation and coefficients. Some adjustments to these models, particularly to Motley-Keenan, considering the thickness of walls, are proposed. The best found solution is based on the adjusted Motley-Keenan and COST models that allows to obtain the propagation loss estimation for several environments.Results obtained from two testing scenarios showed the reliability of the adjustments, providing smaller errors in the measured values values in comparison with the predicted values.

Fractional Dynamics of Computer Virus Propagation

We propose a fractional model for computer virus propagation. The model includes the interaction between computers and removable devices. We simulate numerically the model for distinct values of the order of the fractional derivative and for two sets of initial conditions adopted in the literature. We conclude that fractional order systems reveal richer dynamics than the classical integer order counterpart. Therefore, fractional dynamics leads to time responses with super-fast transients and super-slow evolutions towards the steady-state, effects not easily captured by the integer order models.

Comparação dos ensaios DCB e TDCB para determinação da tenacidade em tração de adesivos estruturais

O constante desenvolvimento observado nas ligações adesivas, em conjunto com as melhorias verificadas nas características dos adesivos, estão a ser traduzidos, de uma certa forma, num aumento das aplicações das ligações adesivas, assim como na variedade de aplicações. No âmbito da previsão de resistência de juntas adesivas, dois métodos de grande relevância são a Mecânica da Fratura e os Modelos de Dano Coesivo. Os Modelos de Dano Coesivo permitem a simulação da iniciação e propagação do dano, recorrendo ao Método Dos Elementos Finitos. No que concerne à Mecânica da Fratura, a previsão de resistência é geralmente feita através de uma análise energética. Independentemente da forma como é obtida, a taxa crítica de libertação de energia de deformação à tração (GIc) dos adesivos é um dos parâmetros mais importantes para a previsão da resistência das juntas. Dois dos ensaios mais utilizados são o Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) e o Tapered Double Cantilever Beam (TDCB). Este trabalho pretende determinar e comparar o valor de GIc em juntas adesivas pelos ensaios DCB e TDCB. São utilizados três tipos de adesivos com diferentes graus de ductilidade. No ensaio DCB os métodos utilizados para a determinação de GIc são: Compliance-Based Beam Method (CBBM), Corrected Beam Theory (CBT) e Compliance Calibration Method (CCM). Os métodos utilizados no ensaio TDCB são: Simple Beam Theory (SBT), Corrected Beam Theory (CBT) e Compliance Calibration Method (CCM). Os resultados obtidos apresentam concordância entre os vários métodos de cada ensaio. A discrepância de resultados é superior quando comparados os dois tipos de ensaios.

Fractional Dynamics of Computer Virus Propagation

We propose a fractional model for computer virus propagation. The model includes the interaction between computers and removable devices. We simulate numerically the model for distinct values of the order of the fractional derivative and for two sets of initial conditions adopted in the literature. We conclude that fractional order systems reveal richer dynamics than the classical integer order counterpart. Therefore, fractional dynamics leads to time responses with super-fast transients and super-slow evolutions towards the steady-state, effects not easily captured by the integer order models.