Definição de padrões de plasticidade de solos através do cone de penetração, por comparação com o método de Casagrande

Existe uma vasta literatura que defende a utilização do ensaio com o cone Penetrómetro ou fall cone como sendo uma alternativa razoável relativamente ao método mais tradicional na determinação do limite de liquidez, a concha de Casagrande. Com este trabalho pretende-se dar mais um contributo à temática da obtenção dos parâmetros de plasticidade dos solos, utilizando diferentes dispositivos e metodologias distintas. Para tal, selecionou-se um solo de caráter argiloso, proveniente de um barreiro da zona de Chaves, e estabeleceram-se comparações entre os valores dos limites de consistência, obtidos pela concha de Casagrande e pelo fall cone. Nesse âmbito, foi elaborada, inicialmente, uma caracterização deste tipo de solos, a definição de conceitos importantes como o de limite de liquidez, limite de plasticidade e índice de plasticidade, assim como uma descrição do funcionamento daqueles dispositivos e das variáveis associadas a cada um deles. Procedeu-se à classificação do solo, segundo três sistemas, através de ensaios de identificação e caracterização, com o objetivo de inferir acerca da composição e comportamento do mesmo. Foi também objetivo deste trabalho, estudar a potencial influência do operador, nos resultados obtidos em ambos os dispositivos. Desta forma, foi possível concluir acerca das vantagens e desvantagens de cada aparelho e definir perspetivas para trabalhos futuros.

Adherend thickness effect on the tensile fracture toughness of a structural adhesive using an optical data acquisition method

Adhesive bonding is nowadays a serious candidate to replace methods such as fastening or riveting, because of attractive mechanical properties. As a result, adhesives are being increasingly used in industries such as the automotive, aerospace and construction. Thus, it is highly important to predict the strength of bonded joints to assess the feasibility of joining during the fabrication process of components (e.g. due to complex geometries) or for repairing purposes. This work studies the tensile behaviour of adhesive joints between aluminium adherends considering different values of adherend thickness (h) and the double-cantilever beam (DCB) test. The experimental work consists of the definition of the tensile fracture toughness (GIC) for the different joint configurations. A conventional fracture characterization method was used, together with a J-integral approach, that take into account the plasticity effects occurring in the adhesive layer. An optical measurement method is used for the evaluation of crack tip opening and adherends rotation at the crack tip during the test, supported by a Matlab® sub-routine for the automated extraction of these quantities. As output of this work, a comparative evaluation between bonded systems with different values of adherend thickness is carried out and complete fracture data is provided in tension for the subsequent strength prediction of joints with identical conditions.

Utilização de métodos ópticos de correlação de imagem para a determinação da tenacidade à fractura de adesivos estruturais

Mestrado em Engenharia Mecânica

Transgenerational Inheritance of Paternal Neurobehavioral Phenotypes: Stress, Addiction, Ageing and Metabolism

Epigenetic modulation is found to get involved in multiple neurobehavioral processes. It is believed that different types of environmental stimuli could alter the epigenome of the whole brain or related neural circuits, subsequently contributing to the long-lasting neural plasticity of certain behavioral phenotypes. While the maternal influence on the health of offsprings has been long recognized, recent findings highlight an alternative way for neurobehavioral phenotypes to be passed on to the next generation, i.e., through the male germ line. In this review, we focus specifically on the transgenerational modulation induced by environmental stress, drugs of abuse, and other physical or mental changes (e.g., ageing, metabolism, fear) in fathers, and recapitulate the underlying mechanisms potentially mediating the alterations in epigenome or gene expression of offsprings. Together, these findings suggest that the inheritance of phenotypic traits through male germ-line epigenome may represent the unique manner of adaptation during evolution. Hence, more attention should be paid to the paternal health, given its equivalently important role in affecting neurobehaviors of descendants.

Neural Mechanisms of Exercise: Anti-Depression, Neurogenesis, and Serotonin Signaling

Depression is associated with decreased serotonin metabolism and functioning in the central nervous system, evidenced by both animal models of depression and clinical patient studies. Depression is also accompanied by decreased hippocampal neurogenesis in diverse animal models. Neurogenesis is mainly defined in dentate gyrus of hippocampus as well as subventricular zone. Moreover, hypothalamus, amygdala, olfactory tubercle, and piriform cortex are reported with evidences of adult neurogenesis. Physical exercise is found to modulate adult neurogenesis significantly, and results in mood improvement. The cellular mechanism such as adult neurogenesis upregulation was considered as one major mood regulator following exercise. The recent advances in molecular mechanisms underlying exercise-regulated neurogenesis have widen our understanding in brain plasticity in physiological and pathological conditions, and therefore better management of different psychiatric disorders.